《Table 1–Quantification methods of Cl content in solid materials (Wang et al., 2010;Rahim et al., 20

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《Review on fate of chlorine during thermal processing of solid wastes》

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Several methods are available for determining Cl content in solid materials，which can be classified into four categories，i.e.，combustion，hydrolysis，extraction（Wang et al.，2010；Rahim et al.，2013b）and spectroscopy（Pereira et al.，2014）methods，as presented in Table 1.The combustion methods are the most commonly used methods，e.g.，bomb combustion（BC），flask combustion（FC），muffle/tube furnace combustion（MFC）and microwave-induced combustion（MIC）.Combustion methods are capable to quantify the total Cl content（TCC）due to the high operating temperatures（>1000°C）.Although Cl may still exist in the residues after combustion，the amount is negligible comparatively to the corresponding TCC（Silva et al.，2014）.However，the non-volatile Cl in ash is not negligible by MFC at relatively lower temperatures（<1000°C），which can be further quantified by water washing（Ma et al.，2010）or spectroscopy analyses.Water washing methods are specially used for the determination of water-soluble Cl.The remained water-insoluble Cl in dried solid matters can be quantified by combustion methods.Digestion（acid and microwave）methods have the problem of analyte loss due to the formation of volatile Cl-compounds（Pereira et al.，2014）.Spectroscopy methods can achieve non-destructive analyses on solid materials（Ne?emer et al.，2003），e.g.，X-ray fluorescence（XRF）and instrumental neutron activation analysis（INAA）.The minimum detection limit of INAA is in the sub-ppm range with an accuracy in the region of 5%（Pollard and Heron，2008）.However，non-destructive methods have very strict requirement on the homogeneity of solid sample.The choice of specific Cl quantification method depends on the species，content and distribution of Cl in solid materials.