《Table 2 The main rivers and lakes in Central Asia》

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《"Climate change, water resources and sustainable development in the arid and semi-arid lands of Central Asia in the past 30 years"》

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Note:Data sources:Yang and Du（2013）；Li et al.（2017）；and the Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia，Chinese Academy of Sciences.–，data not applicable.

There are more than 1×104 rivers and 1×104 natural lakes in Central Asia.The lake area is more than 5×105 km2，about 1/5 of the Earth's total lake area.However，most regions face water scarcity problems for two major reasons.First，there is a remarkably uneven distribution of water resources in the region，creating competition between up and downstream water users（Chalov et al.，2013）.Most rivers originate from the mountainous regions of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan，providing relatively abundant fresh water for farmlands，forests，livestock，industry and domestic use.In contrast，Uzbekistan，Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan are facing severe water scarcity problems.Second，water quality problems are enhancing the shortage of fresh water.Salts，agrochemicals，organic pollutants and heavy metals are frequent water quality impairments in the downstream parts of most river catchments（Groll et al.，2015）.Furthermore，many lake basins（including the Aral Sea，Caspian Sea，Balkhash Lake and Issyk-kul Basin）have experienced a reduction of water supply，lake area shrinkage and ecosystem degradation caused by water shortages and ecological deterioration（Table 2）.