《Table 1–Genome-editing technology used against biotic stresses.》

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《Genome editing opens a new era of genetic improvement in polyploid crops》

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ZFN which are chimeric fusion proteins，consist of a DNA-binding domain with a DNA recognition module and a DNA-cleavage domain（Fig.1-B）.DNA-binding domain is composed of a set of Cys2–His2 zinc fingers，each recognizing 3 to 6 bp of DNA.DNA-cleavage domain or array of engineered zinc finger proteins（ZFPs）fuses with the catalytic domain of the Fok I restriction enzyme.Dimers of ZFNs can create DSBs in DNA of living cells，which can induce highly efficiency mutation on the target site[47–49].Fok I domain is the backbone of ZFN because it has many characteristics that support targeted cleavage in a complex genome[50].The major constraint of ZFN-mediated genome modification is its time-consuming nature，low efficiency，and low reproducibility in germ cells though typically high efficiency in somatic cells[51].Polyploid crops successfully edited with ZFN include tobacco[17]and rapeseed[25]（Tables 1 and 2）.