《Table 2 Parameters measured in different rainfall simulations during soybean growth stages》

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《Effect of soil management on soil erosion on sloping farmland during crop growth stages under a large-scale rainfall simulation experiment》

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Note:R1，seedling stage；R2，initial blossoming stage；R3，full flowering stage；R4，pod bearing stage；R5，initial filling stage.LAI，leaf area index；NH，no soil management practice；HT，hoeing tillage applied.

The runoff initiation time considerably differed among soybean growth stages in two treatments（Table 2）.For NH treatment，a faster response to simulated rainfall was observed in R3 where the runoff was generated 87′′after beginning the rainfall simulation.From R1 to R3，the runoff initiation time decreased from 4′38′′（R1）to 1′27′′（R3），thereby indicating that generation of runoff occurred faster.From R3 to R5，the runoff initiation time increased slightly from 1′27′′（R3）to 3′30′′（R5）.By contrast，under HT treatment，the minimum runoff initiation time occurred in R3，where it varied between 5′13′′in R3 and 28′10′′in R5.These results can be explained by the differences in the canopy among growth stages，which directly affected the partitioning of rainfall.For instance，stemflow may have contributed to the faster generation of runoff from R1 to R3，as found by Ma et al.（2013），who reported that stemflow increased with leaf area due to crop leaves could intercept rainfall，thus contributing to an increased flow along the stems.Alternatively，the high leaf retention capacity may increase the time of runoff initiation from R3 to R5（Zhang et al.，2015）.In addition，the longer time required for runoff generation under HT treatment compared to NH treatment in the same growth stage may be attributed to hoeing tillage，which destroyed the physical soil crust and increased soil surface roughness，thereby improving rainwater storage capacity as well as providing more opportunity for infiltration.Ultimately，this led to an increased runoff generation threshold and an extended runoff generation time in HT plot，which was also observed by Gómez et al.（2005）.