《Table 3 Runoff conservation efficiency (RCE) and runoff coefficient (RC) for the different land use

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《Efficiency of soil and water conservation practices in different agro-ecological environments in the Upper Blue Nile Basin of Ethiopia》

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Note:Clav，average for cultivated land in both slope classes（CL1 and CL2 in Table 2）；ADav，average for A.decurrens plantations in land with gentle and steep slopes；–，not applicable.Mean±SD.

Although higher surface runoff is expected from control plots on steeper slopes（35%），surface runoff from plots with degraded bush was lower than that from the other land use types，except for cultivated land at Aba Gerima（Table 3）.This can be explained，on the one hand，by the direct effect of raindrop interception by the vegetation canopy，which dissipates their energy and creates infiltration pathways（Morgan et al.，1986；Castillo et al.，1997；Descroix et al.，2001）.On the other hand，vegetation decreases runoff indirectly by improving soil physical properties through the incorporation of organic matter（16.7%in Guder；Sultan et al.，2017）and loosening of the soil by growing roots，thereby increasing the infiltration rate（Descheemaeker et al.，2006）.Taye et al.（2013）explained this in a different way；they reported that RC decreased with increasing slope due to an increase in the content of coarse particles in the soil，which promoted infiltration.Similarly，Tebebu et al.（2015）illustrated that，for saturation-excess runoff，water infiltrates on hillsides and erosion-inducing runoff occurs in the flatter，downslope parts of landscapes.This，in turn，affects the hydrology，since excess water flows more rapidly to valley bottoms as lateral flow，leading to gully formation（Bayabil et al.，2010）.All of these factors may have combined to overwhelm the slope effect.