《Table 4 Summary of the glucose conversion and HMF yield catalyzed by various heterogeneous catalyst

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《Direct Conversion of Glucose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural over Zirconium Phosphate Catalyst in a Biphasic System》

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Note:Reaction conditions:10%of glucose，0.1 g of catalyst，6 m L of reaction solution，THF:H2O volume ratio of 5:1，160°C，3 h.1) The Zr PO was calcined at 500°C and 600°C for 4 h，respectively.

We have also compared the catalytic performance of Zr PO with other solid acid catalysts，including Amberlyst-15，H-ZSM-5，Nafion and Nb OPO-p H7[25]，used in the dehydration of glucose to HMF under the same reaction conditions，with the results summarized in Table 4.The results show that Zr PO exhibits excellent catalytic activity for the dehydration of glucose among all these tested solid acid catalysts，and can afford a complete conversion of glucose and a HMF yield of 56.8%.The strong acidic sulfonated copolymer resins，like Amberlyst-15，have low thermal stability and are normally used below 160°C due to their organic frameworks.The strong acidity of Nafion can produce undesired by-products such as humins.At the same time，both of the Amberlyst-15 and Nafion are not favorable to the isomerization of glucose to fructose due to their single Br?nsted acid sites.Although the conversion of glucose is quite complete and the yield of HMF is high over the Nb OPO catalyst（which can achieve a HMF yield of 58.7%），the cost of Nb OPO is higher than that of Zr PO and more LA was detected when Nb OPO is used as the catalyst.When H-ZSM5 is used as the catalyst，the HMF yield is 24.5%.Upon taking various factors into account，it is believed that Zr PO is more suitable than other catalysts for the production of HMF under this condition.