《INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA FOR LABOUR LAW AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS VOL.5》

Introduction11

Ⅰ.GENERAL BACKGROUND11

1.Some economic data11

2.Geography and climate14

3.The political system17

Ⅱ.THE DEFINITION OF LABOUR LAW19

Ⅲ.SOURCES OF LABOUR LAW22

1.Legislation22

2.Judicial decisions23

3.Doctrine24

4.Custom24

Part Ⅰ.The Individual Employment Relation27

CHAPTER Ⅰ.GENERAL REMARKS27

1.Constitutional foundation.The labour code27

2.The employment contract in general28

Ⅰ.Definition28

Ⅱ.Capacity29

Ⅲ.Consent30

Ⅳ.Purpose30

Ⅴ.Cause31

3.The employment relation32

Ⅰ.The general concept32

Ⅱ.Elements of the employment relation34

Ⅲ.Personal activity34

Ⅳ.Continued subordination or dependence35

Ⅴ.Remuneration36

4.The State as employer36

Ⅰ.General remarks36

Ⅱ.Employment contracts with the State37

5.Substitution of employers43

Ⅰ.Definition43

Ⅱ.Substitution in the public sector45

Ⅲ.Judicial decisions46

CHAPTER Ⅱ.CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT47

1.Form47

Ⅰ.Verbal contracts47

Ⅱ.Written contracts47

2.Duration48

3.Review49

4.Probation50

CHAPTER Ⅲ.SUSPENSION OF THE EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT51

CHAPTER Ⅳ.REMUNERATION53

1.The nature of the concept53

Ⅰ.Irrenounceability53

Ⅱ.Lack of agreement54

2.Equal pay for equal work55

3.Unpaid labour56

4.The wage56

Ⅰ.Basic wage56

Ⅱ.Minimum wage56

5.Where and how payment is made58

6.Expenses59

7.Protection60

Ⅰ.Protection of the wage60

Ⅱ.Deduction and withholding60

Ⅲ.Attachment of wages61

8.Privilege62

9.Profit sharing62

CHAPTER Ⅴ.THE WORKING DAY AND PROVISION FOR LEISURE63

1.Working time63

Ⅰ.The working day63

Ⅱ.Protected categories64

A.Persons under 1465

B.Persons under 1865

C.Women65

D.Pregnant women66

E.Other exceptions66

Ⅲ.Extended or overtime work67

Ⅳ.Compensatory systems68

2.Rest periods69

Ⅰ.The concept of the rest period69

A.Daily rest69

B.Sunday rest69

Ⅱ.Exceptions70

Ⅲ.Remuneration71

A.Remuneration of the Sunday rest period71

B.Remuneration of Sunday work71

3.Annual vacation72

Ⅰ.The principle72

Ⅱ.Compensation and accumulation of leave73

Ⅲ.The period of leave74

CHAPTER Ⅵ.RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE CONTRACTING PARTIES75

1.Obligations of the employer75

2.Obligations of the employee77

3.Fringe benefits78

Ⅰ.Ordinary fringe benefits78

Ⅱ.Special fringe benefits80

4.Prohibitions imposed on the employer82

5.Prohibitions imposed on the workers83

CHAPTER Ⅶ.SPECIAL REGULATION OF CERTAIN CONTRACTS84

1.Work at home84

2.Insurance brokers84

3.Representatives, commercial travellers, salespersons85

4.Employees in notary offices for the registration of public and private deeds85

5.Teachers at private schools86

6.Family chauffeurs86

CHAPTER Ⅷ.TERMINATION OF THE EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT.SECURITY OF EMPLOYMENT86

1.General principles86

Ⅰ.The labour code87

2.Usual procedures for termination of contract89

Ⅰ.Unilateral and immediate termination89

A.By the employer89

B.By the worker90

Ⅱ.Termination with prior notice90

A.By the employer91

B.By the worker92

Ⅲ.The Reform of 196592

Ⅳ.Substitution of prior notice for money93

Ⅴ.Compensation for damages93

A.Compensatory damages in the labour code93

1.Loss of wages94

2.Indirect damage94

3.Moral injury94

4.Compensation for delay95

B.The 1965 Reform96

1.For the worker96

2.For the employer97

3.Resolution of nonfulfillment of contract97

4.Clause of non-competition99

5.Collective dismissals100

Part Ⅱ.Collective Employment Relations103

CHAPTER Ⅰ.FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION AND UNION ORGANIZATION103

1.Historical development103

2.The right to form and join unions104

3.Internal organization of unions106

4.Trade union freedom in the public sector108

CHAPTER Ⅱ.LABOUR DISPUTES AND THEIR SEFTLEMENT108

1.The right to dispute108

2.The right to strike109

3.Arbitration111

CHAPTER Ⅲ.COLLECTIVE LABOUR AGREEMENTS112

1.Definition112

2.Binding effect113

Part Ⅲ.The Labour Courts117

CHAPTER Ⅰ.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT117

CHAPTER Ⅱ.STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION118

CHAPTER Ⅲ.COMPETENCE AND PROCEDURE120

1.Competence120

2.Principles of procedure121

Ⅰ.Conciliation122

Ⅱ.The oral nature of proceedings122

Ⅲ.Mediation123

Ⅳ.Publicity123

Ⅴ.Procedural concentration123

Ⅵ.Investigation123

Ⅶ.Expediting court decisions124

Ⅷ.Procedural integrity124

Ⅸ.Legal aid124

Ⅹ.Reasonable persuasion with regard to evide125

Ⅺ.Extra and ultra petita decision126