《INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA FOR LABOUR LAW AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS VOL.3》求取 ⇩

List of Abbreviations17

Introduction19

Ⅰ.GENERAL BACKGROUND19

1.Geography19

2.Political System20

A.Legislative Power21

B.Executive Power22

C.Ministers of the Executive Power23

D.Judicial Power23

E.Provincial Government24

3.Population and Labour Statistics25

4.Social and Cultural Values32

Ⅱ.DEFINITIONS AND NOTIONS33

1.Labour Law.Concept and Purposes33

2.Parts and Contents of the Labour Law.The Nature of its Norms33

3.Labour Law and Social Security Law34

Ⅲ.HISTORICAL BACKGROUND36

1.Labour Regime in the Spanish Colonial Legislation37

2.Labour Law in the Argentine Constitutionalism38

Ⅳ.ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY OF LABOUR41

1.Individual Labour Relations41

A.Authorisation of Labour Documentation41

B.Granting of Exceptions to the General Labour Rules42

C.Attributions about Hygiene and Safety at Work42

D.Intervention in Individual Labour Conflicts43

E.Service of Employment and Supervision of the Enterprises of Eventual Services43

2.Inspection of Labour43

A.General Labour Inspection43

B.Attributions of the Inspectors44

C.Means of Action of the Inspectors45

D.Judging the Infractions47

3.Collective Labour Relations49

Ⅴ.SOURCES OF LABOUR LAW51

1.Individualisation of the Sources51

A.The Legal Enunciation51

B.The National Constitution51

1.The 'New Article' and the Legal System of Guarantees51

2.Centralisation of Labour Problems52

3.The National Constitution and Individual Labour Law53

4.The National Constitution and Collective Labour Law53

C.National Laws53

D.Provincial Laws54

E.International Treaties54

F.Reglementary Decrees55

G.Administrative Resolutions55

H.Collective Conventions56

I.Arbitral Awards57

J.Party Will57

K.Habit and Custom57

L.Jurisprudence57

M.Doctrine58

N.General Principles58

2.Hierarchy of the Sources59

Ⅵ.INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LABOUR LAW60

Ⅶ.SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY61

Part Ⅰ:Individual Employment Relations63

CHAPTER Ⅰ.DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS63

1.Labour Contract and Labour Relationship63

2.Subjects of the Labour Relationship64

A.Labourer and Employer64

B.Different Categories of Workers64

1.Workers Subject to the General Regime of Labour Contract64

2.Workers who have Special Regulations64

a.Workmen in private address65

b.Commercial and/or industrial travellers66

c.Building workers66

C.Intermediacy in Labour Contracting and Fraud67

1.Employment Agencies and Temporary Work68

2.Contractors, Economic Groups.Employee Assistants68

3.Fraudulent Use of Non-Labour Contracts69

3.Capacity of the Subjects in the Labour Contract69

4.The Object of the Labour Contract70

5.Form and Proof of the Labour Contract70

A.Carrying out of Labour Contract70

B.Formal Acts in the Life of the Labour Contract71

C.The Proof of the Labour Contract71

1.The Mediums of Proof71

2.Probatory Insufficiency Regarding Remuneration71

D.Books, Registers and Labour Control Lists72

1.Special Books72

2.Probatory Effects of the Books, Registries and Control Lists73

3.Work Notebooks, Licences or Identity Cards74

E.Juridical Effects of the Silence of Labour Contract Subjects74

F.The Worker's Signature75

1.Signature and Finger Print75

2.Blank Signature76

3.The Signature in Printed Forms76

6.Modalities of Labour Contracts76

A.The Labour Contract for an Indefinite Period76

B.Labour Contract for a Fixed Period77

C.Eventual Labour Contract78

D.Seasonal Contract79

E.Trial Contract or Period of Trial79

F.Team Labour Contract80

CHAPTER Ⅱ.RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE PARTIES81

1.Duties of Behaviour Common to the Parties81

2.Powers and Faculties of the Employer81

A.Faculty of Direction and Organisation82

B.Ius Variandi82

C.Disciplinary Faculty83

1.Legal Regime83

2.Requisites of Sanction83

3.Limits of the Disciplinary Faculty84

a.General prohibitions84

b.Regime of disciplinary suspension84

D.Faculty of Control84

3.Employer's Duties85

A.Equal Treatment85

B.Payment of Remuneration85

C.Duty of Protection85

1.Duty of Safety86

2.Reimbursement of Expenses and Reparation of Damages86

3.Supposition of the Worker's Living Quarters in the Employer's Establishment86

D.Duty of Occupation87

E.Duty of Diligence and Initiative87

F.Responsibility for Labour Misfortunes88

1.Regime of Law 968888

a.Reparatory system88

b.Protected contingencies89

(1) Temporary incapacity89

(2) Worker's death89

(3) Permanent incapacity90

c.Exemption from responsibility90

d.Private insurance90

2.Regime of Civil Responsibility91

4.Worker's Duties91

A.Obedience91

B.Diligence and Collaboration91

C.Duty of Fidelity92

D.Responsibility for Damages92

CHAPTER Ⅲ.WORKING TIME AND RESTS93

1.Working Time93

A.Sources of Regulation on Working Time93

1.Legislative Evolution.Exercise of the Normative Faculty by the Nation and the Provinces93

2.Legislation in Force.Autonomous and Heteronomous Regulations93

B.Concept and Types of Working Time96

1.Normal or Maximum Ordinary Working Time(or Diurnal and Healthy Working Time)96

2.Nocturnal Working Time96

3.Unhealthy Working Time97

4.Mixed Working Time97

C.Exceptions to the Limits of Working Time97

1.Permanent Exceptions to the Legal Regime98

a.Exclusions of the regime of maximum working time98

(1) General exclusion98

(2) Directing and vigilance employment98

(3) Workers displaced from the enterprise's headquarters98

b.Labour modalities with different working time98

(1) Intermittent work98

(2) Team work99

(3) Preparatory or complementary jobs99

2.Temporary Exceptions99

a.Temporary administrative authorisation to exceed the legal maximum99

b.Aid for extraordinary help99

3.Activities and Workers with Special Working Time100

a.Minors' working time100

b.Women's working time100

c.Agrarian work100

d.Domestic work101

D.Work Exceeding the Legal Working Time (Supplementary or Extraordinary Hours)101

1.Concept and Terminology101

2.Obligatory Character101

3.Limits101

4.Remuneration102

5.Rests102

2.Rests102

A.Daily Rest102

B.Weekly Rest102

1.Legal Regime, Concept102

2.Remuneration103

3.Exceptions to the Legal Prohibition103

4.Consequence of the Rendering of Services during the Period of Weekly Rest104

C.Holidays and Non-working Days104

1.Holidays104

2.Non-working Days105

D.Vacations105

1.Concept and Normative Frame105

2.Requisites106

3.Period and Form of Granting106

4.Terms107

5.Remuneration107

6.Omission of Granting.Compensation in Cash107

E.Special Leave108

CHAPTER Ⅳ.REMUNERATION109

1.General Aspects109

A.Concept109

B.The Worker's Remuneration and the National Constitution109

2.Salary, Fixing and Payment109

A.Minimum Wages109

1.Basic Professional Salary109

2.Minimum, Vital and Mobile Salary110

B.Fixing by the Parties in the Labour Contract, Judges'Intervention111

C.Different Methods to Determine Remuneration111

1.Remuneration on the Basis of Time and Performance111

2.Viaticum112

D.Forms of Payment of Remuneration112

3.Protection of the Worker's Salary113

A.Protection with regard to the Employer113

1.Form, Place and Opportunity of Payment; Mora and Prescription113

2.Prohibition of Deductions, Retentions and Compensations114

3.Receipts and other Payment Vouchers115

B.Protection toward the Worker's Creditors116

C.Protection toward other Employer's Creditors116

CHAPTER Ⅴ.SUSPENSION OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF PARTIES AND OTHER IRREGULARITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LABOUR RELATION118

1.Suspensions due to the Employer's Initiative118

A.Suspensions due to Disciplinary or Economical Causes118

1.Configuration of the 'Economic Cause'118

2.Disciplinary Cause119

3.Terms119

B.Precautionary and Preventive Suspension120

2.Suspensions due to the Workers' Initiative121

A.Situation of Nursing Mothers121

B.Exercise of Elective or Trade Union Positions121

3.Material of Legal Impossibility122

A.Maternity122

B.Military Service and Special Leave122

C.Blameless Incapacity of the Worker123

4.Affectation of the Labour Relation as a Consequence of the Blameless Incapacity of the Labourer123

A.Temporary Incapacity123

B.Permanent Incapacity124

CHAPTER Ⅵ.JOB SECURITY125

1.Job Stability in Argentine Law125

2.The Termination of the Labour Contract125

A.Prior Notice125

B.Dismissal without Just Cause127

C.The Worker's Resignation from the Job128

D.Termination of the Labour Contract by Joint Agreement of the Parties129

E.Justified Termination of the Labour Contract129

1.Just Cause129

2.The Effects of the Termination of the Labour Contract with Just Cause130

3.The Communications of Direct or Indirect Dismissal131

4.The Criterion of Contemporaneity131

F.Dismissal due to Economic Causes (Lack of Work or Reduction in Work or Force Majeure)132

G.Expiry of the Term or Satisfaction of the Contract's Objective132

H.Death of the Subjects of the Labour Contract133

1.Worker's Decease133

2.Employer's Death133

I.Employer's Bankruptcy134

J.Worker's Incapacity or Disablement134

1.Supervening Mental or Physical Incapacity134

2.Juridical Disablement135

K.Extinction of the labour Contract of the Worker who is in Condition to Retire and of the Retired Worker135

1.The Worker who is in a Condition to Retire135

2.The Retired Worker who Returns to Activity136

L.Other Special Cases of Labour Contract Termination136

3.Worker's Seniority137

CHAPTER Ⅶ.PROTECTION AGAINST DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT.PROTECTION OF CERTAIN CATEGORIES OF WORKERS138

1.Protection Against Discrimination in Employment138

2.Protection of Certain Categories of Workers139

A.Minors' Work139

B.Women's Work140

1.Protection of Women due to their Sex140

2.Marriage of WomenWorkers141

3.Maternity Protection141

a.Reinforcement of stability141

b.Prohibition of working142

c.Daily rests during the nursing period142

d.After delivery142

C.Incapacitated Workers142

CHAPTER Ⅷ.DUTY OF NON-COMPETITION144

CHAPTER Ⅸ.INVENTIONS BY EMPLOYERS145

CHAPTER Ⅹ.SETTLEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL DISPUTES146

1.Judicial Organisation146

A.Introduction146

B.Labour Justice in the Federal Capital147

1.Antecedents147

2.Organisation148

3.Competence150

4.Procedure151

a.First instance152

b.Appeals153

1.Revocatory153

2.Explanatory153

3.Appeal153

4.For annulment154

5.Complaint154

6.Inapplicability of law154

7.Extraordinary appeal before the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation154

C.Labour Justice in the Province of Buenos Aires154

1.Antecedents154

2.Organisation and Competence155

3.Procedure155

a.Ordinary155

b.Appeals156

1.Inconstitutionality157

2.Inapplicability of the law or the legal doctrine157

3.Extraordinary annulment157

Part Ⅱ.Collective Labour Relations158

CHAPTER Ⅰ.TRADE UNION FREEDOM158

1.Introduction158

2.Individual Aspects of Trade Union Freedom159

A.Legal Protection159

B.Trade-Union Clauses160

3.Collective Trade Union Freedom161

A.Automony before the State161

B.Autonomy before Employers163

C.Autonomy before Political Parties164

D.Autonomy before other Trade Unions165

CHAPTER Ⅱ.TRADE UNIONS167

1.Introduction167

2.Brief Historical Review of Trade Unionism and the Evolution of Trade Union Legislation in Argentina168

A.Evolution of the Trade Union Movement168

1.First Stage: Origins and Formation of the TradeUnion Movement168

2.Second Stage: from the Revolution of 1943 to the Revo-lution of 1955; the First Organic Trade Union Law169

3.Third Stage: the Revolution of 1955 and a Frustrated Coup Attempt170

4.Fourth Stage: Recovery and Affirmation of the Model170

5.Fifth Stage: from 1973 to 1976; Ratification and Consolidation of the System171

6.Sixth Stage: Military Dictatorship and its Trade Union Model170

7.Seventh Stage: from 1983 on172

B.Normative Evolution173

1.Decree 2669/43173

2.Decree-Law 23.352/45173

3.The National Constitution of 1949174

4.Decree-Law 9270/56174

5.Law 14.455 (1958)175

6.Law 20.615 (1973)176

7.From Law 20.615 to Law 22.105177

8.Law 22.105 (1979)178

9.Present Situation.The New Law of Trade Unions No 23.551 (1988)179

3.Trade Union Concept and Trade Union Structure180

A.Legal Terminology180

B.Concept181

C.Trade Union Structure182

4.Formation and Types of Trade Unions.The Question ofUnion Status183

A.Associations Registered Simply183

1.Trade Union Registration183

2.Registered Association Rights184

3.Obligations of the Simply Registered Trade Unions185

B.Trade Unions with Union Status185

1.Union Status and Legal Personality185

2.Granting and Recourse186

3.Juridical Capacity and Exclusive Rights of Trade Unions with Union Status187

5.Internal Organisation and Trade Union Representation188

A.Trade Union By-laws188

B.Trade Union Organs189

C.Trade Union Leave190

6.Trade Union Representation in the Enterprise190

7.Trade Union Immunity192

A.Law 20.615193

B.Law 22.105194

C.Law 23.551195

8.Unfair Practices196

A.Antecedents196

B.Present Regime197

CHAPTER Ⅲ.INSTITUTIONALISED RELATIONS BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES199

1.Institutionalised Relations at the Level of the Enterprise or Working Place199

2.Industrial or Interprofessional Relations199

A.Paritary Commissions of the Interpretation of Collective Conventions199

B.National Council of MVMS200

C.National Commission of Agrarian Work200

CHAPTER Ⅳ.COLLECTIVE BARGAINING202

1.Brief Report of Antecedents202

2.The National Constitution and Collective Bargaining203

3.Legal Regime of Collective Bargaining and Convention203

A.Norms in Force203

B.Excluded Sectors204

C.The Parties to the Collective Convention204

D.Types of Collective Conventions204

1.Collective Conventions Homologated according to Law 14.250 (1988)204

2.Enterprise Internal Agreement and other Irregularities or the 'Common Rights Law'205

E.Present Structure of Collective Bargaining205

F.Collective Convention Procedure206

G.Homologation of the Collective Convention207

H.Publication and Registration of the Collective Convention208

I.Force of the Collective Convention208

J.Content of the Collective Convention209

K.Application and Interpretation of the Collective Convention210

1.Imperative Character and Application of its Norms210

2.Paritary Commissions211

L.Territorial Ambit of the Collective Convention211

4.Relations Between the Collective Convention and other Labour Rights Sources212

A.The Collective Convention and the Law212

B.The Collective Convention, the Law and the Individual Contract214

C.The Collective Labour Convention, the Enterprise's Internal Agreement of the Common Rights Law and the Individual Contract214

1.The Collective Convention and the Enterprise's Internal Agreement214

2.The Internal Agreement and the Individual Contract216

D.Concurrence of Homologated Collective Conventions216

1.Concurrence of Norms or Representation216

2.Industrial Collective Convention and Enterprise Convention216

3.Other Situations of Convention Concurrence217

4.Derogation of One Collective Convention by Another218

CHAPTER Ⅴ.STRIKES AND LOCK-OUTS.LEGAL FORM OF INDUSTRIAL ACTION219

1.Collective Conflicts219

A.Individual and Collective Conflicts219

B.Conflict of Rights or of Interest219

2.First Appearances of Strike in the Argentine Republic220

3.Juridical Regulation of Strike221

A.Introductory Advice221

B.Strike in the National Constitution221

C.Exercise of the Right to Strike222

D.Purposes of Strike222

1.Professional Purposes222

2.Political Purposes222

3.Solidarity Strikes223

4.Reasonableness, Justice and Moderation of Purposes223

5.Measures of Force Exercised to Modify a Collective Convention in Force.The Duty of Peace.223

E.Modalities in the Exercise of Strike and other Measures of Direct Action224

F.Qualification of the Legality or Illegality of Strike225

G.Effects of Strike in the Individual Labour Contract226

1.The Labour Contract is Suspended226

2.Payment of Remuneration226

3.Strike is not Equal to Time of Service227

4.Strike and the Termination of the Labour Contract227

H.Strike and the Public Services228

I.Penal Aspects of Strike and other Measures of Direct Action229

4.Lock-out230

CHAPTER Ⅵ: THE SETTLEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CONFLICTS231

1.Composition of Collective Labour Conflicts231

A.Introduction231

B.Obligatory Conciliation and Optional Arbitration (Law 14.786)231

C.Obligatory Arbitration (Law 16.936)233

Index235