《CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL LAW A CONCISE INTERODUCTION SECOND EDITION》

PART 1 THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW1

1 The Development of International Law6

The Middle Ages，6

The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries，7

The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries，8

Early Writers on International Law，9

The Nineteenth Century，11

2 The Basis and Purpose of International Law14

The Need for Law，14

Law and Politics，14

Is International Law Real Law？16

The Foundation of International Law，17

States and the Foundation of International Law，19

Why Do States Obey International Law？20

3 International Law and Other Law22

Types of Law，22

The Monist and Dualist Views，22

State Practice Regarding Different Types of Law，23

The Act of State Doctrine，26

Political Matters and the Judiciary，28

4 Methods and Principles for Creating International Law30

The Origin，30

Public Policy or Ordre Public，31

Treaties，33

Custom，35

lus Cogens，38

General Principles of Law，39

Equity，40

5Institutions and Persons as Creators of International Law45

States，45

International Organizations，45

Legal Agencies，49

Courts，50

Individuals，50

References and Readings for Part 152

Sociology of Law，52

New States，52

Changing International Society，53

Politics， Power， and Law，54

Theories of Law，55

Binding Force of Law，55

Relations Between International and Municipal Law，56

Conflict Between International and Municipal Law，56

Sources of International Law： General，57

Sources of International Law： Treaties，57

Sources of International Law： Custom，57

Sources of International Law： General Principles，58

Sources of International Law： Equity，58

Sources of International Law： International Organizations，59

Sources of International Law： Individuals，60

Sources of International Law： Courts and Tribunals，60

PART 2 INTERNATIONAL LEGAL CAPACITY61

6Subjects of International Law63

States，63

Recognition，65

Public International Organizations，67

Insurgents and Liberation Movements，69

Corporations，70

Multinational Corporations，72

Individuals，72

References and Readings for Part 275

States，75

Small States，75

Recognition，76

International Organizations，76

Insurgents and Liberation Movements，77

Corporations，77

Individuals，78

PART 3 INHERENT LEGAL QUALITIES OF SUBJECTS79

7 The Status of States80

Sovereignty，80

Equality，82

Nonintervention，84

Sovereign Immunity of States，89

The Trend Regarding Sovereignty，91

8 The Organs of Subjects and Their Protection93

The Problem of Juridic Persons，93

Organs of States，94

Organs of International Organizations，96

Types of Protection，97

The Protected Entities，98

References and Readings for Part 3102

Sovereignty，102

Equality，102

Nonintervention，103

Sovereign Immunity，104

Organs of States，104

Organs of International Organizations，105

PART 4 THE JURISDICTION OF STATES107

9 Temporal Jurisdiction111

The Birth of States，111

The Identity or Continuity of States，112

The Death of States and Succession，113

Types of Succession of States，115

10 Spatial Jurisdiction118

Content of Spatial Jurisdiction，118

Jurisdiction in Airspace，119

Jurisdiction in Outer Space，120

Jurisdiction over Contiguous and Similar Special Zones，121

Jurisdiction in the Exclusive Economic Zone，122

Jurisdiction over the Continental Shelf，122

Jurisdiction on the High Seas，123

Jurisdiction in the Polar Regions，126

Jurisdiction over Ships and Airplanes Outside Territorial Jurisdictions，127

11 Acquisition， Loss， Boundaries，of Spatial Sovereignty and Jurisdiction129

Importance of Land，129

Acquisition Through Natural Events，129

Occupation，130

Prescription，130

Cession，131

Subjugation or Conquest，131

Treaty，131

Loss of Sovereignty and Jurisdiction，132

Land Boundaries，132

Territorial Sea Boundary，133

Continental Shelf Boundary，136

The Exclusive Economic Zone Boundary，136

The Boundary of Space and Outer Space，137

12 Acquisition， Content， Loss，of Personal Jurisdiction139

Meaning of Personal Jurisdiction，139

Acquisition of Personal Jurisdiction，140

Loss of Personal Jurisdiction，141

Personal Jurisdiction over Juridic Persons，142

13 Material Jurisdiction143

Meaning，143

The Limit of Material Jurisdiction，144

The Passive Personality Principle，145

The Protective Principle，146

Universal Material Jurisdiction，147

14 Special Cases of Jurisdiction150

Immunities，150

Armed Forces，151

Aliens，151

Ships，151

Military Activities on the High Seas，153

Pirate Broadcasting，153

Maritime Areas，153

References and Readings for Part 4155

Jurisdiction and Sovereignty，155

Birth and Death of States，155

Succession，156

Content of Spatial Jurisdiction： Air and Space，156

Content of Spatial Jurisdiction： Maritime，157

Jurisdiction： Boundaries，159

Arctic Regions，160

Acquisition and Loss of Spatial Jurisdiction，160

Acquisition and Loss of Personal Jurisdiction，161

Universal Material Jurisdiction，161

PART 5 PERSONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW163

15 The Law of Aliens166

Admission and Departure，166

The Standard of Treatment and Its Enforcement，168

Aliens as Objects of Municipal Law，172

The Protection of an Alien’s Private Rights，174

The Special Case of Concessions，176

The Special Case of Nationalization，177

The Protection of an Alien’s Personal Rights，178

Extradition and Asylum，178

16 International Law of Nationals and Human Rights181

Beginnings of International Protection，182

The Status of Human Rights，183

Self-Determination of Peoples，185

References and Readings for Part 5189

Individuals： General，189

Alien Natural and Juridic Persons：Diplomatic Protection，189

Denial of Justice，190

Aliens： Private Rights and Expropriation，190

Aliens： Government Contracts and Nationalization，190

Aliens： Personal Rights，191

Aliens： Extradition and Asylum，191

Nationals and Human Rights，191

Self-Determination and Neocolonialism，193

PART 6 INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS WITH LEGAL CONSEQUENCES195

17 Unilateral Transactions198

Nature of Transaction，198

Recognition，199

Notification，199

Declarations，199

Promises，200

Protest，200

Renunciation，200

Interdependent Unilateral Transactions，201

18 Multilateral Actions （Treaties）202

Value of Treaties，202

Nature of Treaties，203

Capacity and Authority to Conclude Treaties，204

Consent，205

Reservations， Amendments， Modifications，206

Object and Purpose，208

Entry into Force，208

Interpretation，209

Termination and Suspension，212

Consequences of Invalidity， Termination， Suspension，214

19 Responsibility of Subjects216

The Principle，216

Controversial Aspects of the Principle，217

The Forms of Injury，220

The Subjects and Objects of Responsibility，221

Responsibility for the Subject’s Organs，222

The Behavior Creating Responsibility，224

Responsibility for Private Persons，224

Conditions Excluding Responsibility，225

Amends，226

Procedure，227

Expanding and Contracting Claims，229

Responsibility of International Organizations，230

References and Readings for Part 6231

General Principles，231

Unilateral Actions，231

Nature of Treaties，231

Capacity and Authority to Conclude Treaties，232

Consent to Treaties，232

Reservations to Treaties，233

Ius Cogens and Treaty Objects，233

Entry into Force of Treaties，233

Interpretation of Treaties，233

Suspension and Termination of Treaties，234

State Responsibility： General，234

Responsibility for Hazardous Action，235

Criminal Liability of States，235

Subjects and Objects of State Liability，235

State Responsibility for Treatment of Aliens，235

Responsibility of International Organizations，236

Special Responsibilities of States，236

PART 7 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION237

20 Political Cooperation244

Cooperation as a Legal Obligation，244

Differing Views on the Law of Political Cooperation，245

21 Economic Cooperation as a Legal Obligation250

The Roots，250

Development as a Right，253

The Economic Division of the World and the Law，256

22 Environmental Protection261

References and Readings for Part 7267

Political Cooperation，267

Economic Cooperation，267

Economic Development，268

Economic Discrimination，269

Protection of the Environment，269

PART 8 THE PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES271

23 Applicability of Methods for Pacific Settlement273

Political Versus Legal Methods，273

What Are International Disputes？275

The Choice of Methods，276

24 Settlement Methods Not Involving Decisions by Third Parties278

Negotiation，278

Good Offices，280

Mediation，280

Enquiry，281

Conciliation，282

25 Settlement Methods Involving Decisions by Third Parties283

Arbitration，283

Adjudication，284

References and Readings for Part 8289

Legal Character of Disputes，289

Settlement Methods Not Involving Third-Party Decisions，289

Settlement Methods Involving Third-Party Decisions，290

PART 9 THE USE OF FORCE293

26 Conditions for the Legal Use of Force297

Unilateral （Legally Peaceful） Methods，297

Retorsion，298

Reprisal，298

Self-Defense and Aggression，299

Self-Preservation，304

War，305

27 Regulation of the Application of Force310

General Principles，310

Weapons and Methods，312

Use of Force Short of War，313

28 The Position of Third States Uninvolved in the Use of Force314

In Peacetime，314

In Wartime，315

References and Readings for Part 9318

Legality，318

Reprisal，318

Self-Defense，319

Aggression，319

War， Civil War， Liberation War，320

Humanizing War，320

New Weapons and Technology，322

Neutrality，322

PART 10 THE DYNAMIC CHARACTER OF INTERNATIONAL LAW323

Cases Cited329

Selected Bibliography336

About the Book and Author341

Index342