《INTERNATIONAL LAW VOLUME TWO SECOND EDITION》

Part One GENERAL PRINCIPLES3

1.THE FORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW3

2.THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND MUNICIPAL LAW38

3.PERSONALITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW80

4.PROOF OF INTERNATIONAL FACT113

Part Two RECOGNITION127

5.THE THEORY AND MODES OF RECOGNITION127

6.RECOGNITION AND NON-RECOGNITION AND THE COURTS166

Part Three TREATIES195

7.THE MAKING OF TREATIES195

8.THE OPERATION OF TREATIES246

Part Four SOVEREIGNTY282

9.THE LEGAL CONCEPT OF THE STATE282

10.TITULAR， RESIDUAL AND DISTRIBUTED SOVEREIGNTY325

11.THECOMMONWEALTH， THE FRANCOPHONE SYSTEM AND THE NETHERLANDS REALM346

Part Five SUCCESSION365

12.STATE SUCCESSION365

13.SUCCESSION OF GOVERNMENTS394

14.SUCCESSION OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS396

Part Six TERRITORY403

15.TERRITORY403

16.MARITIME TERRITORY454

17.AIRSPACE AND AIR LAW518

18.RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS IN RESPECT OF FOREIGN TERRITORY543

VOLUME TWO599

Part Seven JURISDICTION599

19.THE THEORY OF JURISDICTION599

The Concept of Jurisdiction599

The Jurisdiction to Prescribe and the Jurisdiction to Enforce602

20.MARITIME JURISDICTION604

Jurisdiction over National Vessels604

The Juridical Status of a Merchant Ship604

The Nationality of a Merchant Ship606

（a） Rules for nationality606

（b） States without sea coast607

（c） International organisations608

（d） Determination of the nationality of a ship608

The Law Governing Occurrences on Board on the High Seas608

（a） The law of the flag608

（b） The law of the flag of federal States610

The Law Governing Occurrences on Board in Foreign Waters610

（a） The law of the flag610

（b） The concurrent jurisdiction of the flag State and the local State611

20.MARITIME JURISDICTION——cont.612

Jurisdiction over Foreign Merchant Ships in Internal Waters612

The Territoriality Doctrine in Municipal Law Systems612

（a） English law612

（Ⅰ） Extension of English law to foreign ships in English ports612

（Ⅱ） Jurisdiction in rem over foreign ships in English ports614

（1） Suits of possession614

（2） Collision suits614

（3） Wages claims and salvage claims615

（Ⅲ） Jurisdiction generally under the Merchant Shipping Acts615

（b） The law of the United States616

（Ⅰ） Right of arrest on board617

（Ⅱ） Extension of criminal law on board617

（Ⅲ） Extension of civil law on board618

（Ⅳ） Civil actions of seamen relating to their service619

（Ⅴ） Application of the National Labor Relations Act to foreign ships622

（c） The law of France622

（d） Other nations with the French system624

（e） Other nations with the Anglo-American system625

The International Law Rules on Jurisdiction in Ports625

（a） The general practice in jurisdiction625

（Ⅰ） Detention on board a foreign ship626

（Ⅱ） Local laws relating to navigation， police， pilotage，customs， immigration， etc.627

（Ⅲ） Local laws concerned with the maintenance of public order627

（Ⅳ） Local civil law and jurisdiction627

（b） Involuntary entrance of vessels in distress627

（Ⅰ） Immunity of vessel from local jurisdiction627

（Ⅱ） Test of distress628

（Ⅲ） The extent of the immunity629

（c） Treaty Regime of Ports630

Jurisdiction over the Territorial Sea630

Innocent Passage in Customary International Law630

（a） Criminal and administrative jurisdiction over merchant ships in passage630

（b） Arrest of a ship in innocent passage632

（c） Civil jurisdiction over merchant ships in passage633

（Ⅰ） The status of a foreign ship in territorial waters for the purpose of the locus of a tort or contract633

（Ⅱ） The status of a foreign ship in territorial waters for the purpose of nationality by birth634

（Ⅲ） The status of a foreign ship in territorial waters for the purpose of collision jurisdiction634

（d） Jurisdiction over merchant ships not in innocent passage though in territorial waters635

20.MARITIME JURISDICTION——cont.636

Jurisdiction over the Territorial Sea——cont.636

Innocent Passage in Customary International Law——cont.636

（e） Jurisdiction over warships in innocent passage through the territorial sea636

Innocent Passage in the Geneva Convention on the Law of the Territorial Sea636

（a） Definitions636

（b） Criminal jurisdiction over ships in passage638

（c） Civil jurisdiction over ships in passage639

Jurisdiction over the Contiguous Zone639

Definition and Genesis of the Contiguous Zone639

The United States Tariff Act 1922642

The Legal Status of the Contiguous Zone643

Jurisdiction over Foreign Ships upon the High Seas645

The Freedom of the Seas645

（a） Freedom of navigation and freedom from arrest645

（b） Freedom of fishery and exploitation648

The Relativity of the Freedom of the Seas651

（a） Pollution of the sea652

（b） Nuclear damage and thermonuclear testing at sea653

（c） Broadcasting at sea654

Jurisdiction over Events occurring on Board Foreign Ships on the High Seas654

（a） Jurisdiction over criminal acts654

（b） Jurisdiction over sea traffic655

（c） Jurisdiction in salvage claims656

Circumstances in which Jurisdiction may be Exercised over Non-national Ships657

（a） Piracy657

（Ⅰ） The basis of piracy jurisdiction657

（Ⅱ） The definition of piracy659

（Ⅲ） Piracy under municipal law660

（Ⅳ） Violence by commissioned vessels661

（Ⅴ） Violence by unrecognised insurgents662

（b） The doctrine of hot pursuit663

（Ⅰ） The nature and rationalisation of hot pursuit663

（1） Common law affinity664

（2） Rationalisation of the rule664

（3） Genesis of the rule664

（Ⅱ） When the right arises665

（1） The catalogue of offences giving rise to hot pursuit665

（2） Where must the offence be committed？665

（Ⅲ） When the right terminates667

（Ⅳ） What degree of force may be employed？668

（c） The doctrine of constructive presence668

21.PERSONAL JURISDICTION： NATIONALITY670

The Question of Terminology670

The Purposes for which Nationality is Relevant in International Law672

British Nationality and British Protected Persons673

Admission of Commonwealth Citizens into the United Kingdom678

Interaction of International Law and Municipal Law in the Attribution of Nationality678

The Conditions for the Grant of Nationality681

Denationalisation683

Plural Nationality685

Statelessness688

Proof of Nationality690

Passports691

Visas692

22.PERSONAL JURISDICTION： ALIENS693

The Theory of Treatment of Aliens693

The Reception of Aliens695

（a） The right to enter695

（b） Actual restrictions on entry696

Treatment of Aliens697

（a） Civil rights697

（b） Rights of aliens in federal States699

（c） Discrimination between classes of aliens700

（d） Religious freedom700

（e） Inheritance of aliens700

（f） Locus standi in judicio701

（g） Duties of aliens upon reception703

（h） Liability of aliens to military service703

（Ⅰ） Actual restrictions on aliens in the United Kingdom705

（Ⅰ） Registration705

（Ⅱ） Civil franchise705

（Ⅲ） Ships and aircraft706

Expulsion of Aliens706

（a） The theory and practice of expulsion706

（b） The frontier of expulsion710

Alien Enemies711

（a） The distinction between alien friends and alien enemies711

（b） Who is an alien enemy in the territorial sense？712

（Ⅰ） The criterion of residence713

（Ⅱ） The criterion of enemy territory715

Jurisdiction with Respect to Taxation of Aliens715

（a） Amenability to taxation jurisdiction716

（Ⅰ） Residence of the alien717

（Ⅱ） Situs of property718

（Ⅲ） Place of income718

22.PERSONAL JURISDICTION： ALIENS——cont.718

Jurisdiction with Respect to Taxation of Aliens——cont.718

（b） The effect of “most-favoured-nation” and “national treat-ment” clauses in treaties718

23.PERSONAL JURISDICTION： EXTRADITION AND ASYLUM720

Extradition720

The Acts for which Extradition is Available722

The Fugitive Character of the Offender724

Lapse of Time725

Extradition of Nationals725

Political Offenders726

War Criminals730

The Procedures for Extradition730

The Principle of Speciality731

Extradition Within the Commonwealth733

Multilateral Conventions Providing for Extradition733

Asylum734

Meaning of “Asylum”734

Continuing Nature of Asylum736

Whether Asylum is a Concept of General International Law737

Determination that the Conditions for Asylum are Present738

Asylum on Board Warships738

Asylum on Board Merchant Ships739

Territorial Asylum for Refugees740

24.PERSONAL JURISDICTION： HUMAN RIGHTS743

The Nuremberg Trials743

The United Nations Charter744

The Genocide Convention745

International Action on Human Rights747

（a） The Declarations of Human Rights747

（b） The European Convention and the European Commission on Human Rights749

（c） Comparison of the Universal Declaration and the European Convention752

（d） Discrimination against women752

（e） Slavery753

（f） White slavery754

（g） Control of narcotics755

（h） Obscene publications756

（i） The International Labour Organisation756

（i） Trade Union freedom757

（Ⅱ） Enforcement of conventions758

（j） Protection of minorities759

（k） Racial discrimination760

25.JURISDICTION WITH RESPECT TO ALIEN ACQUIRED RIGHTS762

The Doctrine of Respect for Acquired Rights of Aliens762

（a） Distinction between alien and national rights762

（b） The meaning of “acquired rights”762

（c） Judicial practice in the matter of acquired rights766

（d） Diplomatic practice in the matter of acquired rights766

（e） The form of the “interference” with acquired rights768

（f） The meaning of “nationalisation”769

Interference with Acquired Rights Permitted by International Law769

（a） Private enemy property in belligerent occupied territory and on the high seas770

（b） Vesting of enemy alien property under the Trading with the Enemy Acts770

（c） Requisition and angary773

（d） Confiscation as a penal act776

（e） Expropriation for reasons of public interest776

（Ⅰ） The amenability of property to the jurisdiction of the expropriating State777

（Ⅱ） The motivation of the expropriation777

（Ⅲ） Equality of treatment779

（Ⅳ） Compensation780

（1） The duty to indemnify780

（2） The promptness of compensation781

（3） The adequacy of compensation： the quantum781

（4） The effectiveness of compensation784

The Conditional Character of Expropriation785

The United States Foreign Assistance and Mutual Security Legis-lation790

International Action on Foreign Investment791

26.EXTENT OF OPERATION OF SOVEREIGN ACTS794

Acts Affecting Acquired Rights794

Distinction between “Operation” of Acts and “Recognition” of them794

The Theories of Recognition of Foreign Sovereign Acts795

Recognition of Foreign Sovereign Acts Violative of International Law： the Act of State Doctrine797

（a） Excess of jurisdiction of a belligerent occupant797

（b） Annulment of internationalcontractual obligations to foreign nationals798

（c） Expropriation of alien property in violation of the conditions laid down by international law798

（Ⅰ） The law of the United States799

（Ⅱ） English law803

（Ⅲ） Civil law systems807

26.EXTENT OF OPERATION OF SOVEREIGN ACTS——cont.809

Acts Affecting Acquired Rights——cont.809

Recognition of Foreign Sovereign Acts Purporting to Operate Extra-territorially809

（a） The rules of municipal law respecting recognition of such acts809

（Ⅰ） English law810

（Ⅱ） The law of the United States812

（Ⅲ） Civil law systems815

（b） The extraterritorial locus of ships in transitu816

（c） Extraterritorial operation of the anti-trust laws817

（Ⅰ） From the point of view of the courts of the legislating State818

（Ⅱ） From the point of view of the foreign court819

（Ⅲ） The International Law Rules on extraterritorial opera-tion of anti-trust laws821

Criminal Jurisdiction over Extraterritorial Acts823

The Supposed Territorial Limitation of Criminal Jurisdiction823

Crimes Committed by Nationals824

Crimes Committed by Aliens826

（a） The territorial principle826

（b） The passive personality principle828

（c） The protective principle829

Jurisdiction over Aliens under Treaty831

Jurisdiction over Persons and Things Irregularly Seized831

Illegal Seizure of Persons on Foreign Territory832

Illegal Surrender of Persons by Foreign Authorities834

Illegal Seizure of Vessels in Foreign Territorial Waters834

Illegal Seizures of Foreign Ships on the High Seas836

The International Law Rule on the Subject837

Part Eight IMMUNITY FROM JURISDICTION841

27.SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY841

The Theory of Sovereign Immunity841

（a） The theory of independence842

（b） The theory of dignity842

（c） The theory of extraterritoriality843

（d） The theory of comity843

（e） The theory of diplomatic function843

The Doctrine of Sovereign Immunity844

（a） The absolute view844

（b） The restricted view845

（Ⅰ） Assimilation of jurisdictional immunities of foreign States to those of the domestic State846

（Ⅱ） Immunity on a basis of reciprocity847

27.SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY——cont.847

Practice in the Matter of Sovereign Immunity847

（a） Immunity from suit847

（Ⅰ） Direct impleading847

（Ⅱ） Indirect impleading848

（1） English law848

（Ⅰ） Actions of title848

（Ⅱ） Actions relating to subject-matters in the “possession” of a foreign sovereign849

（Ⅲ） Actions relating to subject-matters in the “control” of a foreign sovereign851

（Ⅳ） The subject-matter of the action in which the plea of immunity is raised： tangible assets and choses in action852

（2） The law of the United States853

（Ⅰ） Sovereign claims to title， possession and control853

（Ⅱ） The Tate Letter855

（3） Civil law systems857

（b） Exceptions to the rule of sovereign immunity from suit859

（Ⅰ） Equity actions in which the sovereign makes claim to a trust fund： English law859

（Ⅱ） Submission to the jurisdiction by the foreign sovereign860

（1） Contract to submit861

（2） Institution of proceedings by a sovereign862

（3） Pleading to the merits by a sovereign863

（4） Counterclaim to a suit instituted by a sovereign863

（5） Execution of a judgment against the sovereign864

Immunity of Public Ships865

（a） Warships865

（b） Unarmed ships reserved for government functions866

（c） Publicly-owned merchant vessels866

（Ⅰ） English law867

（Ⅱ） The law of the United States870

（Ⅲ） Civil law systems870

（Ⅳ） The Brussels Convention 1926， and the Geneva Con-vention 1958.871

Immunity of Governmental Instrumentalities872

（a） English law873

（b） The law of the United States875

（c） Civil law systems876

Immunity of State Agents876

Immunity of Political Subdivisions877

Immunity of Sovereigns from Taxation878

Immunity of Visiting Foreign Armed Forces879

（a） Immunity of the force’s own jurisdictional organs879

（b） Immunity of members of the forces from the local jurisdiction882

28.DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES887

Diplomatic Immunity.887

The Theory of Diplomatic Immunity887

（a） The theory of extraterritoriality888

（b） The theory of sovereign substitution888

（c） The theory of function889

The Distinction between Immunity and Inviolability889

The Municipal Law Legislation on Diplomatic Immunity890

（a） English law890

（Ⅰ） The Act of 1708890

（Ⅱ） The Act of 1955892

（Ⅲ） The 1952 Report892

（Ⅳ） The Act of 1961892

（Ⅴ） The Act of 1964892

（b） The law of the United States893

The International Law and Municipal Law Rules on Diplomatic Immunity893

（a） The persons enjoying diplomatic immunity894

（b） The relationship between the executive and the judiciary in the matter of diplomatic immunity896

（c） The personal immunity of the diplomat897

（Ⅰ） The systems extending complete immunity897

（Ⅱ） The systems extending qualified immunity897

（Ⅲ） Immunity from the local law899

（Ⅳ） Immunity from criminal process899

（Ⅴ） Immunity from arrest900

（Ⅵ） Immunity from taxation and excise900

（Ⅶ） Immunity from subpoena901

（Ⅷ） Immunity from bankruptcy proceedings901

（Ⅸ） Immunity from coroner’s inquests901

（d） The immunity of the diplomat’s personal property902

（e） Inviolability of diplomatic premises903

（Ⅰ） Process905

（Ⅱ） Applicability of local law905

（Ⅲ） Execution906

（Ⅳ） Taxation906

（Ⅴ） Freedom of access906

（f） The duration of diplomatic immunity906

（g） Waiver of diplomatic immunity908

（Ⅰ） Waiver of the immunity of the head of mission909

（Ⅱ） Waiver of the immunity of a subordinate official910

（Ⅲ） Waiver by commencement of proceedings910

（Ⅳ） Waiver by entry of unconditional appearance911

（Ⅴ） Waiver and execution911

（Ⅵ） Withdrawal of waiver912

（Ⅶ） Appointment to diplomatic post after joinder of issue912

28.DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES——cont.912

Diplomatic Immunity——cont.912

The Diplomat Vis-a-Vis Third States912

Special Missions913

Consular Immunity914

Consular Functions as Compared with Diplomatic Functions914

（a） Promotion of commerce914

（b） Supervision of shipping915

（c） Protection of nationals915

（d） Representational functions915

（e） Other functions916

Appointment and Classification of Consuls917

Status and Privileges of Consuls918

（a） Criminal Process920

（b） Inviolability of person920

（c） Inviolability of premises920

（d） Civil process922

（e） Subpoena924

（f） Taxation924

Beginning and End of Consular Privileges925

Honorary Consuls925

Immunities of International Organisations926

Immunities of the Organisations Themselves926

（a） Organisations covered by conventions926

（b） Immunities contracted for927

Immunities of International Officials929

（a） Conventional immunities929

（Ⅰ） Immunity from process929

（Ⅱ） Immunity from taxation931

（Ⅲ） Immunity from military service931

（Ⅳ） Immunity from travel restrictions932

（b） Immunity of experts932

（c） Judicial immunities932

Legislative Immunities in the United Kingdom and the United States933

（a） The United Kingdom933

（Ⅰ） Immunities of the organisations934

（Ⅱ） Immunities of officials934

（b） The United States935

（Ⅰ） Immunities of the organisations themselves935

（Ⅱ） Immunities of officials935

Immunities of Representatives of Members936

Immunities of United Nations Forces937

Part Nine STATE RESPONSIBILITY941

29.THE THEORY OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY941

Injury to an Alien Resident or Visitor941

（a） Imputation and the international standard，942

（b） The international standard and inference of culpability944

（c） The distinction between “delict” and “responsibility”： sub-stantive denial of justice and the local remedies rule945

（d） The distinction between substantive denial of justice and procedural denial of justice946

（Ⅰ） Failure of the Courts to fulfil their duty to do justice947

（Ⅱ） Decisions of municipal courts contrary to international law949

（Ⅲ） Duty to punish offences against aliens949

Injury to an Alien outside the Territorial Jurisdiction950

Direct Injury Occasioned a Sovereign as Distinct from a Private Alien952

Summary of Conclusions on the Theory of State Responsibility955

Responsibility of Individuals956

（a） Piracy958

（b） War crimes and aggression958

（c） Genocide959

（d） Violations of the Geneva Convention 1949959

Responsibility of International Organisations959

（a） Responsibility towards own offcials960

（b） Responsibility towards others than offcials960

30.STATE RESPONSIBILITY： THE TORT SITUATION962

Acts of the Legislature962

Acts of the Executive963

（a） Where an official acts intra vires963

（b） Where an official acts ultra vires963

（c） Where an official acts in a private capacity965

Acts of Subordinate Governments965

Responsibility for the Maintenance of Order966

Acts of Individuals， Mobs， Unsuccessful and Successful Revolu-tionaries967

（a） Mobs968

（b） Unsuccessful revolutionaries969

（Ⅰ） Taxation by insurgents970

（Ⅱ） Wrongs to aliens by insurgents972

（Ⅲ） Acts of insurgents legitimated by contract972

（Ⅳ） Responsibility of the State for violation of treaties by insurgents973

（Ⅴ） Contracts and borrowing of insurgents974

31.STATE RESPONSIBILITY： THE CONTRACT SITUATION976

Ascertainment of the Law Governing State Contracts976

（a） Where the Contract is between two international persons976

（Ⅰ） When contracts are governed by municipal law and by international law976

（Ⅱ） Are contracts between international persons treaties？978

（b） Where the contract is between an international person and a private alien978

（Ⅰ） The occasions for internationalising contracts979

（Ⅱ） The distinction between contracts subject to interna-tional law and contracts subject to the “general principles of law”981

（c） Contracts between international persons and private persons which are presumptively governed by international law984

The International Standard with Respect to Contractual Performance984

（a） Contracts the governing law of which is municipal law984

（Ⅰ） Non-performance985

（Ⅱ） Repudiation986

（b） Contracts the governing law of which is international law or the “general principles of law”990

The Rules Governing Performance of Concession Contracts992

（a） The juridical character of a concession992

（b） Circumstances in which concessions may be revoked993

（c） Effect of incorporation under the law of the conceding State994

Contracts Ultra Vires the Contracting Officer996

Summary of Conclusions on State Responsibility for Contractual Performance996

Bond Obligations997

（a） The legal regime of bondholding998

（Ⅰ） Determining the proper law998

（Ⅱ） “Domestication” of the loan1001

（Ⅲ） Security for the loan1001

（b） International law of bond protection1003

（Ⅰ） Contract theories1003

（Ⅱ） Sovereignty theories1003

（Ⅲ） The Kaufmann theory1004

（Ⅳ） The international financial law theory1004

（Ⅴ） The non-discrimination theory1005

（Ⅵ） The individualistic theory1005

（c） Remedies for breaches of bondholding contracts1005

（Ⅰ） Repudiation of bonds1005

（Ⅱ） Partial confiscation of bonds1006

（Ⅲ） Virtual repudiation of bonds1006

（Ⅳ） Denial of justice1006

（Ⅴ） Non-performance which does not engage responsibility1007

31.STATE RESPONSIBILITY： THE CONTRACT SITUATION——cont.1007

Bond Obligations——cont.1007

（c） Remedies for breaches of bondholding contracts——cont.1007

（Ⅵ） Remedies in foreign municipal courts1007

（Ⅶ） Diplomatic remedies1008

（d） Responsibility for debts of subordinate political entities1009

32.RESPONSIBILITY WITH RESPECT TO MONETARY SOVEREIGNTY1011

Money in International Law1011

（a） The basic monetary unit1011

（b） “Separate currencies”1012

The International Law Rules Relating to Monetary Policy1013

（a） The customary law relating to monetary policy1013

（Ⅰ） Currency valuation1013

（Ⅱ） Exchange Controls1015

（b） International organisations concerned with control of finan-cial policy1017

（Ⅰ） Restrictions on currency devaluation1019

（Ⅱ） Restrictions on the imposition of exchange controls1020

（Ⅲ） Recognition of foreign exchange controls under the IMF agreement1022

（Ⅳ） Import restrictions1024

Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency1025

Part Ten INTERNATIONAL LITIGATION1029

33.THE CLAIM1029

The Formulation of a Claim1029

The Nationality of Claims1032

（a） The connecting link necessary to support the claim1032

（b） The doctrine of continuous nationality1033

（Ⅰ） Where the claim is made under customary international law1034

（Ⅱ） Where the claim is that of the State for breach of treaty provisions respecting its nationals1036

（Ⅲ） Where the claim is that of the State for breach of treaty provisions respecting non-nationals1037

（Ⅳ） Where the claim is made pursuant to an agreement which embodies the doctrine of continuous nationality1037

（Ⅴ） Where the claim is made pursuant to an agreement which does not embody the doctrine of continuous nationality1038

33.THE CLAIM——cont.1039

The Nationality of Claims——cont.1039

（c） Claims on behalf of persons vicariously injured through cor-porations1039

（Ⅰ） The tests for determining the national character of a corporation1040

（1） Incorporation1040

（2） Domicile1041

（3） Siege social1041

（4） Control1042

（Ⅱ） Where the corporation is a national of the defendant State1043

（Ⅲ） Where the corporation is a creation of the claimant State but the stock is owned by non-nationals1047

（Ⅳ） Where the corporation is a national of a third State1048

（d） Partnerships1049

（e） Assignees and mortgagees1049

（f） Seamen1050

（g） Insurers1050

（h） Creditors1052

Impediments to the Making of a Claim1053

（a） The exhaustion of local remedies rule1053

（Ⅰ） The nature of the rule1053

（Ⅱ） The law and facts which the arbitrator may consider1055

（Ⅲ） Presumption of truth of fact and correctness of law1057

（Ⅳ） The futility of recourse1057

（Ⅴ） The definition of “exhaustion”1058

（b） The Calvo clause1059

（Ⅰ） Object of the clause1059

（Ⅱ） Incapacity of individual to contract out of international law remedies1060

（Ⅲ） Compatibility of the Calvo clause with the rule relating to the individual’s incapacity to contract out of interna-tional law remedies1061

（Ⅳ） The rule of the Calvo clause in determining the jurisdic-tion of international tribunals to deal with a claim1062

（Ⅴ） The Calvo clause and collateral obligations： the question of reconstruction1063

（Ⅵ） Calvo clause by legislation1064

（Ⅶ） The Calvo clause rule1064

（c） Limitation of time1066

（d） Obligation to negotiate1067

34.THE TRIBUNAL1068

International Arbitral Tribunals1068

The International Court of Justice1072

34.THE TRIBUNAL——cont.1072

The International Court of Justice——cont.1072

（a） Parties to the Court1072

（b） Composition of the Court1073

The Court of Justice of the European Economic Community1074

The Jurisdiction to Hear1075

（a） Ad hoc arbitration1075

（b） Anticipatory submission1076

（c） Submission to the International Court of Justice1079

（Ⅰ） Anticipatory submission by treaty1080

（Ⅱ） Anticipatory submission by declaration under the Op-tional Clause1080

（1） Nature of the declaration1081

（Ⅰ） Time limit clauses1082

（Ⅱ） Disputes arising with regard to situations orfacts before or after a specified date1082

（Ⅲ） Disputes essentially within the domestic jurisdiction1082

（Ⅳ） Questions affecting the national security1084

（Ⅴ） Multilateral treaties1085

（Ⅵ） Reservation of the right to vary declaration by notice1085

（2） Position of non-declarant States1085

（3） Termination of the declaration1086

（4） The rule against non-severance1086

（Ⅲ） Special agreement1086

（Ⅳ） Forum prorogatum1086

（d） Jurisdiction to decide jurisdiction1087

（e） Jurisdiction over third States1088

（f） Jurisdiction to determine the jurisdiction of other tribunals1089

35.THE HEARING1090

Procedure1090

（a） The position of the parties procedurally1090

（b） Preliminary objections1091

（c） Interim protection1093

（d） Counterclaims1094

（e） Amendments after pleading1095

（f） Discontinuance1095

（g） Third party proceedings1096

Evidence1096

（a） The burden of proof1097

（b） The standard of proof1098

（c） Presentation of evidence1098

The Power to Decide1100

（a） The applicable law1100

35.THE HEARING——cont.1100

The Power to Decide——cont.1100

（b） Power to decide on an equitable basis1100

（Ⅰ） Generally1100

（Ⅱ） Power of the International Court to decide exaequoetbono1101

（c） The relevance of so-called non liquet1101

（d） Abstract issues1103

The Decision1103

（a） Judgment1103

（b） Res judicata1104

（Ⅰ） The parties bound1104

（Ⅱ） The matters which bind1105

（c） Declarato judgment1106

（d） Advisory opinion1107

（e） Interpretation of a judgment or award1109

（f） Repudiation of a judgment or award1110

（Ⅰ） Lack of jurisdiction1110

（Ⅱ） Violation of the rules of natural justice1110

（Ⅲ） Failure to give a reasoned award1110

（Ⅳ） Fraud and duress1111

（Ⅴ） Essential or manifest error1111

（g） Appeals1111

Execution1111

36.REPARATION FOR INTERNATIONAL WRONGS1114

Forms of Reparation1114

（a） Restitutio in integrum1114

（b） Compensation1115

（c） Penal damages1116

（d） Annulment1116

（e） Apology1117

（f） Abstract declaration of rights and wrongs1117

（g） Affirmation of rights1117

The Problem of Remoteness of Damage1117

Factors in Reparation1119

（a） Impairment of livelihood1119

（b） Loss of bread-winner1119

（c） Mental suffering1120

（d） Fault of the claimant1120

The Valuation of Loss1120

（a） Method of valuation1120

（b） The relevance to be attributed to economic contingencies， and variables1121

Interest1122

（a） The obligation to pay interest1122

（b） The dies a quo1122

（c） The rate of interest1123

TABLES AND INDICES1129

ABBREVIATIONS1129

TREATIES：1141

Mulitilateral1141

Bilateral1153

STATUTES：1181

Principal United Kingdom1181

Principal United States1183

Principal Commonwealth， South African and Irish1185

STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS1187

CASES：1191

International，1191

Permanent Court of International Justice1191

International Court of Justice1193

International Arbitrations1195

International Incidents1208

Municipal，1211

Aden1211

Argentina1211

Australia1212

Austria1212

Belgium1213

Brazil1215

Burma1215

Canada1215

Ceylon1217

Chile1217

China1217

Colombia1217

Cuba1217

Czechoslovakia1217

Danzig1218

Denmark1218

East Africa1218

Ecuador1218

Egypt1218

France1219

Germany1224

Greece1227

Guatemala1228

Hong Kong1228

Hungary1228

India1228

Ireland1229

Israel1229

Italy1230

Japan1233

Jordan1233

Korea1233

Kuwait1234

Lebanon1234

Lithuania1234

Luxembourg1234

Malaya1234

Mauritius1234

Mexico1234

Morocco1235

Netherlands1235

New Zealand1237

Norway1237

Pakistan1237

Palestine1238

Panama1238

Panama Canal Zone1238

Peru1238

Philippines1238

Poland1238

Roumania1239

Senegal1239

Singapore1239

South Africa and South1239

West Africa1239

Soviet Union1240

Spain1240

Sweden1240

CASES—cont.1240

Municipal—cont.1240

Switzerland1240

Syria1242

Tangier1242

Thailand1242

Tunisia1242

Turkey1242

United Kingdom，cont(a)England and Scotland1242\1255

United Kingdom—cont.(b)Privy Council1255

America1256

Uruguay1278

Venezuela1278

Yugoslavia1278

Zanzibar1278

AUTHOR INDEX1279

TABLE OF GENERAL TREATISES ON INTERNATIONAL LAW1291