《INTERNATIONAL LAW A TREATISE VOL.I. PEACE》

CHAPTER ⅠFOUNDATION OF THE LAW OF NATIONS3

Ⅰ.The Law of Nations as Law3

1.Conception of the Law of Nations3

2.Legal Force of the Law of Nations contested4

3.Characteristics of Rules of Law6

4.Law-giving authority not essential for the existence of Law6

5.Definition and Three Essential Conditions of Law8

6.Law not to be identified with Municipal Law9

7.The “Family of Nations” a Community10

8.The “ Family of Nations” a Community with Rules of Conduct12

9.External Power for the enforcement of Rules of International Conduct12

10.Practice recognises Law of Nations as Law13

Ⅱ.Basis of the Law of Nations15

11.Common Consent the Basis of Law15

12.Common Consent of the Family of Nations the Basis of International Law16

13.States the Subjects of the Law of Nations18

14.Equality an Inference from the Basis of International Law19

Ⅲ.Sources of the Law of Nations20

15.Source in Contradistinction to Cause20

16.The two Sources of International Law21

17.Custom in Contradistinction to Usage22

18.Treaties as Source of International Law23

19.Factors influencing the Growth of International Law24

Ⅳ.RRelations between International and Municipal Law25

20.Essential Difference between International and Municipal Law25

21.Law of Nations never per se Municipal Law26

22.Certain Rules of Municipal Law necessitated or interdicted27

23.Presumption against conflicts between International and Municipal Law28

24.Presumption of Existence of certain necessary Municipal Rules28

25.Presumption of the Existence of certain Municipal Rules in Conformity with Rights granted by the Law of Nations28

25.Case of the “ Franconia ”29

Ⅴ.Dominion of the Law of Nations30

26.Range of Dominion of International Law controversial30

27.Three Conditions of Membership of the Family of Nations31

28.Present Range of Dominion of the Law of Nations32

29.Treatment of States outside the Family of Nations34

Ⅵ.Codification of the Law of Nations35

30.Movement in Favour of Codification35

31.Work of the Hague Peace Conference37

32.U.S.Naval War Code38

33.Value of Codification of International Law contested38

34.Merits of Codification in general39

35.Merits of Codification of International Law41

36.How Codification could be realised43

CHAPTER ⅡDEVELOPMENT AND SCIENCE OF THE LAW OF NATIONS44

Ⅰ.Development of the Law of Nations before Grotius44

37.No Law of Nations in Antiquity44

38.The Jews45

39.The Greeks48

40.The Romans50

41.No need for a Law of Nations during the Middle Ages52

42.The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century54

Ⅱ.Development of the Law of Nations after Grotius58

43.The time of Grotius58

44.The period 1648-1721……6o58

45.The period 1721-178962

46.The period 1789-181563

47.The period 1815-185665

48.The period 1856-187468

49.The period 1874-189970

50.The Twentieth Century72

51.Five Lessons of the History of the Law of Nations73

Ⅲ.The Science of the Law of Nations76

52.Forerunners of Grotius76

53.Grotius77

54.Zouche81

55.The Naturalists82

56.The Positivists83

57.The Grotians85

58.Treatises of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries87

59.The Science of the Law of Nations in the Nineteenth Cen-tury， as represented by treatises90

60.Collection of Treaties94

61.Bibliographies95

62.Periodicals95

PART ⅠTHE SUBJECTS OF THE LAW OF NATIONS99

CHAPTER ⅠINTERNATIONAL PERSONS99

Ⅰ.Sovereign States aas International Persons99

63.Real and apparent International Persons99

64.Conception of the State100

65.Not-full Sovereign States101

66.Divisibility of Sovereignty contested103

67.Meaning of Sovereignty in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries103

68.Meaning of Sovereignty in the Eighteenth Century105

69.Meaning of Sovereignty in the Nineteenth Century106

70.Result of the Controversy regarding Sovereignty108

Ⅱ.Recognition of States as International Persons108

71.Recognition a condition of Membership of the Family of Nations108

72.Mode of Recognition110

73.Recognition under Conditions111

74.Recognition Timely and Precipitate112

75.State Recognition in contradistinction to other Recognitions113

Ⅲ.Changes in the Condition of International Persons114

76.Important in contradistinction to Indifferent Changes114

77.Changes not affecting States as International Persons115

78.Changes affecting States as International Persons116

79.Extinction of International Persons117

Ⅳ.Succession of International Persons119

80.Common Doctrine regarding Succession of International Persons119

81.How far Succession actually takes place120

82.Succession in consequence of Absorption121

83.Succession in consequence of Dismemberment123

84.Succession in case of Separation or Cession123

Ⅴ.Composite International Persons125

85.Real and apparent Composite International Persons125

86.States in Personal Union126

87.States in Real Union127

88.Confederated States （Staatenbund）128

89.Federal States （Bundesstaaten）129

Ⅵ.Vassal States133

90.The Union between Suzerain and Vassal State133

91.International position of Vassal States135

Ⅶ.States under Protectorate137

92.Conception of Protectorate137

93.International position of States under Protectorate138

94.Protectorates outside the Family of Nations139

Ⅷ.Neutralised States140

95.Conception of Neutralised States140

96.Act and Condition of Neutralisation141

97.International position of Neutralised States142

98.Switzerland144

99.Belgium145

100.Luxemburg146

101.The Congo Free State146

Ⅸ.Non-Christian States147

102.No essential difference between Christian and other States147

103.International position of non-Christian States besides Turkey and Japan148

Ⅹ.The Holy See149

104.The former Papal States149

105.The Italian Law of Guaranty150

106.International position of the Holy See and the Pope152

107.Violation of the Holy See and the Pope153

ⅩⅠ.International Persons of the Present Day154

108.European States154

109.American States156

110.African States156

111.Asiatic States157

CHAPTER ⅡPOSITION OF THE STATES WITHIN THE FAM1ILY OF NATIONS158

Ⅰ.International Personality158

112.The so.called Fundamental Rights158

113.International Personality a Body of Qualities159

114.Other Characteristics of the position of the States within the Family of Nations160

Ⅱ.Equality， Rank， and Titles161

115.Legal Equality of States161

116.Political Hegemony of Great Powers163

117.Rank of States164

118.The Alternat165

119.Titles of States166

Ⅲ.Dignity167

120.Dignity a Quality167

121.Consequences of the Dignity of States168

122.Maritime Ceremonials169

Ⅳ.Independence and Territorial and Personal Supremacy170

123.Independence and Territorial as well as Personal Supremacy as Aspects of Sovereignty170

124.Consequences of Independence and Territorial and Personal Supremacy171

125.Violations of Independence and Territorial and Personal Supremacy172

126.Restrictions upon Independence173

127.Restrictions upon Territorial Supremacy175

128.Restrictions upon Personal Supremacy176

Ⅴ.Self-preservation177

129.Self-preservation an excuse for violations177

130.What acts of self-preservation are excused178

131.Case of the Danish Fleet179

132.Case of Amelia Island180

133.Case of the “ Caroline ”180

Ⅵ.Intervention181

134.Conception and Character of Intervention181

135.Intervention by Right183

136.Admissibility of Intervention in default of Right185

137.Intervention in the interest of Humanity186

138.Intervention de facto a Matter of Policy187

139.The Monroe Doctrine188

140.Merits of the Monroe Doctrine190

Ⅶ.Intercourse191

141.Intercourse a presupposition of International Personality191

142.Consequences of Intercourse as a presupposition of Inter-national Personality193

Ⅷ.Jurisdiction194

143.Jurisdiction important for the position of the States within the Family of Nations194

144.Restrictions upon Territorial Jurisdiction194

145.Jurisdiction over Citizens abroad195

146.Jurisdiction on the Open Sea195

147.Criminal Jurisdiction over Foreigners in Foreign States196

CHAPTER ⅢRESPONSIBILITY OF STATES198

Ⅰ.On State Responsibility in General198

148.Nature of State Responsibility198

149.Original and Vicarious State Responsibility199

150.Essential Difference between Original and Vicarious Re-sponsibility200

Ⅱ.State Responsibility for International Delinquenciea201

151.Conception of International Delinquencies201

152.Subjects of International Delinquencies202

153.State Organs able to commit International Delinquencies203

154.No International Delinquency without Malice or culpable Negligence203

155.Objects of International Delinquencies204

156.Legal consequences of International Delinquencies204

Ⅲ.State Beaponsibility for Acts of State Organs206

157.Responsibility varies with Organs concerned206

158.Internationally injurious Acts of Heads of States206

159.Internationally injurious Acts of Members of Governments206

160.Internationally injurious Acts of Diplomatic Envoys207

161.Internationally injurious Attitudes of Parliaments208

162.Internationally injurious Acts of Judicial Functionaries208

163.Internationally injurious Acts of administrative Officials and Military and Naval Forces209

Ⅳ.State Responsibility for Acts of Private Persons211

164.Vicarious in contradistinction to Original State Responsi-bility for Acts of Private Persons211

165.Vicarious responsibility for Acts of Private Persons relative only211

166.Municipal Law for Offences against Foreign States212

167.Responsibility for Acts of Insurgents and Rioters212

PART ⅡTHE OBJECTS OF THE LAW OF NATIONS217

CHAPTER ⅠSTATE TERRITORY217

Ⅰ.On State Territory in General217

168.Conception of State Territory217

169.Different kinds of Territory218

170.Importance of State Territory219

171.One Territory， one State220

Ⅱ.The different Parts of State Territory222

172.Real and Fictional Parts of Territory222

173.Territorial Subsoil223

174.Territorial Atmosphere223

175.Inalienability of Parts of Territory224

Ⅲ.Rivers225

176.Rivers State Property of Riparian States225

177.Navigation on National， Boundary， and not National Rivers226

178.Navigation on International Rivers227

Ⅳ.Lakes and Land-locked Seas230

179.Lakes and Land-locked Seas State Property of Riparian States230

180.So-called International Lakes and Land locked Seas231

181.The Black Sea231

Ⅴ.Canals233

182.Canals State Property of Riparian States233

183.The Suez Canal234

184.The Panama Canal236

Ⅵ.Maritime Belt239

185.State Property of Maritime Belt contested239

186.Breadth of Maritime Belt240

187.Fisheries， Cabotage， Police， and Maritime Ceremonials within the Belt242

188.Navigation within the Belt242

189.Jurisdiction within the Belt244

190.Zone for Revenue and Sanitary Laws245

Ⅶ.Gulfs and Bays246

191.Territorial Gulfs and Bays246

192.Non-territorial Gulfs and Bays247

193.Navigation and Fishery in Territorial Gulfs and Bays248

Ⅷ.Straits249

194.What Straits are Territorial249

195.Navigation， Fishery， and Jurisdiction in Straits250

196.The former Sound Dues250

197.The Bosphorus and Dardanelles251

Ⅸ.Boundaries of State Territory253

198.Natural and Artificial Boundaries253

199.Boundary Waters254

200.Boundary Mountains255

201.Boundary Disputes255

202.Natural Boundaries sensu politico256

Ⅹ.State Servitudes257

203.Conception of State Servitudes257

204.Subjects of State Servitudes258

205.Object of State Servitudes259

206.Different kinds of State Servitudes260

207.Validity of State Servitudes261

208.Extinction of State Servitudes262

ⅩⅠ.Modes of acquiring State Territory263

209.Who can acquire State Territory？263

210.Former Doctrine concerning Acquisition of Territory265

211.What Modes of Acquisition of Territory there are266

212.Original and derivative Modes of Acquisition267

ⅩⅡ.Cession268

213.Conception of cession of State Territory268

214.Subjects of cession268

215.Object of cession269

216.Form of cession270

217.Tradition of the ceded Territory272

218.Veto of third Powers272

219.Plebiscite and option273

ⅩⅢ.Occupation275

220.Conception of Occupation275

221.Object of Occupation276

222.Occupation how effected276

223.Inchoate Title of Discovery277

224.Notification of Occupation to other Powers278

225.Extent of Occupation279

226.Protectorate as Precursor of Occupation280

227.Spheres of influence281

228.Consequences of Occupation282

ⅩⅣ.Accretion283

229.Conception of Accretion283

230.Different kinds of Accretion284

231.Artificial formations284

232.Alluvions284

233.Deltas285

234.New-born Islands285

235.Abandoned River-beds286

ⅩⅤ.Sub jugation287

236.Conception of Conquest and of Subjugation287

237.Subjugation in Contradistinction to Occupation288

238.Justification of Subjugation as a Mode of Acquisition288

239.Subjugation of the whole or of a part of Enemy Territory289

240.Consequences of Subjugation290

241.Veto of third Powers292

ⅩⅥ.Prescription293

242.Conception of Prescription293

243.Prescription how effected294

ⅩⅦ.Loss of State Territory294

244.Six modes of losing State Territory296

245.Operation of Nature297

246.Revolt297

247.Dereliction298

CHAPTER ⅡTHE OPEN SEA300

Ⅰ.Rise of the Freedom of the Open Sea300

248.Former Claims to Control over the Sea300

249.Practical Expression of claims to Maritime Sovereignty302

250.Grotius’s Attack on Maritime Sovereignty303

251.Gradual recognition of the Freedom of the Open Sea305

Ⅱ.Conception of the Open Sea306

252.Discrimination between Open Sea and Territorial Waters306

253.Clear Instances of Parts of the Open Sea307

Ⅲ.The Freedom of the Open Sea308

254.Meaning of the Term “Freedom of the Open Sea”308

255.Legal Provisions for the Open Sea309

256.Freedom of the Open Sea and war310

257.Navigation and ceremonials on the Open Sea311

258.Claim of States to Maritime Flag312

259.Rationale for the Freedom of the Open Sea313

Ⅳ.Jurisdiction on the Open Sea315

260.Jurisdiction on the Open Sea mainly connected with Flag315

261.Claim of Vessels to sail under a certain Flag316

262.Ship Papers317

263.Names of Vessels318

264.Territorial Quality of Vessels on the Open Sea318

265.Safety of Traffic on the Open Sea319

266.Powers of Men-of-war over Merchantmen of all Nations320

267.How Verification of Flag is effected322

268.How Visit is effected322

269.How Search is effected323

270.How Arrest is effected323

271.Shipwreck and Distress on the Open Sea324

Ⅴ.Piracy325

272.Conception of Piracy325

273.Private Ships as Subjects of Piracy326

274.Mutinous Crew and Passengers as Subjects of Piracy327

275.Object of Piracy328

276.Piracy how effected328

277.Where Piracy can be committed329

278.Jurisdiction over Pirates and their Punishment330

279.Pirata non mutat dominium331

280.Piracy according to Municipal Law331

Ⅵ.Fisheries in the Open Sea333

281.Fisheries in the Open Sea free to all Nations333

282.Fisheries in the North Sea334

283.Bumboats in the North Sea335

284.Seal Fisheries in Behring Sea336

285.Fisheries around the Faroe Islands and Iceland337

286.Telegraph Cables in the Open Sea admitted338

287.International Protection of Submarine Telegraph Cables339

CHAPTER ⅢINDIVIDUALS341

Ⅰ.Position of Individuals in International Lav341

288.Importance of Individuals to the Law of Nations341

289.Individuals never Subjects of the Law of Nations341

290.Individuals Objects of the Law of Nations344

291.Nationality the Link between Individuals and the Law of Nations345

292.The Law of Nations and the Rights of Mankind346

Ⅱ.Nationality348

293.Conception of Nationality348

294.Function of Nationality349

295.So-called Proteges and de facto Subjects350

296.Nationality and Emigration351

Ⅲ.Modes of Acquiring and Losing Nationality352

297.Five Modes of Acquisition of Nationality352

298.Acquisition of Nationality by Birth352

299.Acquisition of Nationality through Naturalisation353

300.Acquisition of Nationality through Redintegration354

301.Acquisition of Nationality through Subjugation and Cession.355

302.Seven modes of losing Nationality355

Ⅳ.Naturalisation in Especial357

303.Conception and Importance of Naturalisation357

304.Object of Naturalisation358

305.Conditions of Naturalisation359

306.Effect of Naturalisation upon previous Citizenship359

307.Naturalisation in Great Britain360

Ⅴ.Double and Absent Nationality362

308.Possibility of Double and Absent Nationality362

309.How Double Nationality occurs363

310.Position of Individuals with Double Nationality364

311.How Absent Nationality occurs365

312.Position of Individuals destitute of Nationality366

313.Redress against Difficulties arising from Double and Absent Nationality366

314.No Obligation to admit Foreigners369

315.Reception of Foreigners under conditions370

316.So-called Right of Asylum371

Ⅶ.Position of Foreigners after Reception371

317.Foreigners subjected to Territorial Supremacy372

318.Foreigners in Eastern Countries373

319.Foreigners under the Protection of their Home State374

320.Protection to be afforded to Foreigners’ Persons and Pro-perty375

321.How far Foreigners can be treated according to Discretion376

322.Departure from the Foreign Country377

Ⅷ.Expulsion of Foreigners378

323.Competence to expel Foreigners378

324.Just Causes of Expulsion of Foreigners379

325.Expulsion how ef ected381

326.Reconduction in Contradistinction to Expulsion381

Ⅸ.Extradition382

327.Extradition no legal duty382

328.Extradition Treaties how arisen383

329.Municipal Extradition Laws385

330.Object of Extradition386

331.Extraditable Crimes387

332.Effectuation and Condition of Extradition388

Ⅹ.Principle of Non-Extradition of Political Criminals389

333.How Non-extradition of Political Criminals became the Rule389

334.Difficulty concerning the Conception of Political Crime392

335.The so-called Belgian Attentat Clause394

336.The Russian Project of 1881394

337.The Swiss Solution of the Problem in 1892395

338.Rationale for the Principle of Non-extradition of Political Criminals395

339.How to avoid Misapplication of the Principle of Non-extradition of Political Criminals398

340.Reactionary Extradition Treaties400

PART ⅢORGANS OF THE STATE FOR THEIR INTERNATIONALRELATIONS403

CHAPTER ⅠIHEADS OF STATES AND FOREIGN OFFICES403

Ⅰ.Position of Heads of States according to International Law403

341.Necessity of a Head for every State403

342.Recognition of Heads of States403

343.Competence of Heads of States405

344.Heads of States Objects of the Law of Nations406

345.Honours and Privileges of Heads of States406

Ⅱ.Monarchs407

346.Sovereignty of Monarchs407

347.Consideration due to Monarchs at home407

348.Consideration due to Monarchs abroad407

349.The Retinue of Monarchs abroad410

350.Monarchs travelling incognito410

351.Deposed and Abdicated Monarchs411

352.Regents411

353.Monarchs in the seryice or subiects of Foreign Powers411

Ⅲ.Presidents of Republics412

354.Presidents not Sovereigns412

355.Position of Presidents in general412

356.Position of Presidents abroad413

Ⅳ.Foreign Offices414

357.Position of the Secretary for Foreign Affairs414

CHAPTERⅡEIPLOMATIC ENVOYS416

Ⅰ.The Institution of Legation416

358.Development of Legations416

359.Diplomacy418

Ⅱ.Right of Legation419

360.Conception of Right of Legation419

361.What States possess the Right of Legation420

362.Right of Legation by whom exercised421

Ⅲ.Kinds and Classes of Diplomatic Envoys422

363.Envoys Ceremonial and Political422

364.Classes of Diplomatic Envoys423

365.Ambassadors424

366.Ministers Plenipotentiary and Envoys Extraordinary424

367.Ministers Resident424

368.Charges d’Affaires425

369.The Diplomatic Corps425

Ⅳ.Appointment of Diplomatic Envoys426

370.Person and Qualification of the Envoy426

371.Letter of Credence， Full Powers， Passports426

372.Combined Legations428

373.Appointment of several Envoys428

Ⅴ.Reception of Diplomatic Envoys429

374.Duty to receive Diplomatic Envoys429

375.Refusal to receive a certain Individual430

376.Mode and Solemnity of Reception431

377.Reception of Envoys to Congresses and Conferences432

Ⅵ.Functions of Diplomatic Envoys433

378.On Diplomatic Functions in general433

379.Negotiation433

380.Observation434

381.Protection434

382.Miscellaneous Functions435

383.Envoys not to interfere in Internal Politics435

Ⅶ.Position of Diplomatic Envoys436

384.Diplomatic Envoys objects of International Law436

385.Privileges due to Diplomatic Envoys437

Ⅷ.Inviolability of Diplomatic Envoys438

386.Protection due to Diplomatic Envoys438

387.Exemption from Criminal Jurisdiction439

388.Limitation of Inviolability440

Ⅸ.Exterritoriality of Diplomatic Envoys441

389.Reason and Fictional Character of Exterritoriality441

390.Immunity of Domicile441

391.Exemption from Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction445

392.Exemption from Subpcena as witness446

393.Exemption from Police447

394.Exemption from Taxes and the like447

395.Right of Chapel448

396.Self jurisdiction449

Ⅹ.Position of Diplomatic Envoys as regards Third States450

397.Possible Cases450

398.Envoy travelling through Territory of third State450

399.Envoy found by Belligerents on occupied Enemy Territory452

400.Envoy interfering with affairs of a third State452

ⅩⅠ.The Retinue of Diplomatic Envoys453

401.Different Classes of Members of Retinue453

402.Privileges of Members of Legation454

403.Privileges of Private Servants455

404.Privileges of Family of Envoy455

405.Privileges of Couriers of Envoys456

ⅩⅡ.Termination of Diplomatic Mission456

406.Termination in contradistinction to Suspension456

407.Accomplishment of Object of Mission457

408.Expiration of Letter of Credence457

409.Recall458

410.Promotion to a higher Class459

411.Delivery of Passports459

412.Request for Passports459

413.Outbreak of War459

414.Constitutional Changes459

415.Revolutionary Changes of Government 460

416.Extinction of sending or receiving State 460

417.Death of Envoy461

CHAPTER ⅢCONSULS463

Ⅰ.The Institution of Consuls463

418.Development of the Institution of Consuls463

419.General Character of Consuls465

Ⅱ.Consular Organisation466

420.Different kinds of Consuls466

421.Consular Districts467

422.Different classes of Consuls467

423.Consuls subordinate to Diplomatic Envoys468

Ⅲ.Appointment of Consuls469

424.Qualication of Candidates469

425.No State obliged to admit Consuls469

426.What kind of States can appoint Consuls470

427.Mode of Appointment and of Admittance470

428.Appointment of Consuls includes Recognition471

Ⅳ.Functions of Consuls472

429.On Consular Functions in general472

430.Fosterage of Commerce and Industry472

431.Supervision of Navigation473

432.Protection473

433.Notarial Functions474

Ⅴ.Position and Privileges of Consuls475

434.Position475

435.Consular Privileges476

Ⅵ.Termination of Consular Office478

436.Undoubted Causes of Termination478

437.Doubtful Causes of Termination478

438.Change in the Headship of States no cause of Termination478

Ⅶ.Consuls in non-Christian States479

439.Position of Consuls in non-Christian States479

440.Consular Jurisdiction in non-Christian States480

441.International Courts in Egypt480

442.Exceptional Character of Consuls in non-Christian States481

CHAPTER Ⅳ MISCELLANEOUS AGENCIES482

Ⅰ.Armed Forces on Foreign Territory482

443.Armed Forces State Organs482

444.Occasions for Armed Forces abroad482

445.Position of Armed Forces abroad483

446.Case of McLeod483

Ⅱ.Men-of-uvar in Foreign Waters485

447.Men-of-war State Organs485

448.Proof of Character as Men-of-war485

449.Occasions for Men-of-war abroad486

450.Position of Men-of-war in foreign waters487

451.Position of Crew when on Land abroad488

Ⅲ.Agents without Diplomatic or Consular Character488

452.Agents lacking diplomatic or consular character489

453.Public Political Agents489

454.Secret Political Agents490

455.Spies491

456.Commissaries492

457.Bearers of Despatches492

Ⅳ.International Commissions493

458.Permanent in Contradistinction to Temporary Commissions.493

459.Commissions in the interest of Navigation494

460.Commissions in the interest of Sanitation495

461.Commissions in the interest of Foreign Creditors495

462.Permanent Commission concerning Sugar496

Ⅴ.International Offices496

463.Character of International Offices496

464.International Telegraph Office496

465.International Post Office496

466.International Office of Weights and Measures497

467.International Office for the Protection of Works of Literature and Art and of Industrial Property497

468.International Maritime Office at Zanzibar497

469.International Office of Customs Tariffs497

470.Central Office of International Transports497

471.Permanent Office of the Sugar Convention498

Ⅵ.The International Court of Arbitration498

472.Organisation of Court in general498

473.The Permanent Council498

474.The International Bureau499

475.The Court of Arbitration499

476.The Deciding Tribunal500

PART Ⅳ INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS505

CHAPTER Ⅰ ON INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS IN GENERAL505

Ⅰ.Negotiation505

477.Conception of Negotiation505

478.Parties to Negotiation505

479.Purpose of Negotiation506

480.Negotiations by whom conducted507

481.Form of Negotiation508

482.End and Effect of Negotiation508

Ⅱ.Congresses and Conferences509

483.Conception of Congresses and Conferences509

484.Parties to Congresses and Conferences510

485.Procedure at Congresses and Conferences511

Ⅲ.Transactions besides Negotiation513

486.Different kinds of Transaction513

487.Declaration513

488.Notification514

489. Protest515

490.Renunciation515

CHAPTER ⅡTREATIES517

Ⅰ.Character and Function of Treaties517

491.Conception of Treaties517

492.Different kinds of Treaties517

493.Binding Force of Treaties519

Ⅱ.Parties to Treaties521

494.The Treaty-making Power521

495.Treaty-making Power exercised by Heads of States522

496. Minor Functionarles exercising Treaty-making Power523

497.Constitutional Restrictions523

498.Mutual Consent of the Contracting Parties524

499.Freedom of Action of consenting Representatives525

500.Delusion and Error in Contracting Parties525

Ⅲ.Objects of Treaties526

501.Objects in general of Treaties526

502.Obligations of Contracting Parties only can be Object527

503.An Obligation inconsistent with other Obligations cannot be an Object527

504.Object must be physically possible527

505.Immoral Obligations527

506.Illegal Obligations528

Ⅳ.Form and Parts of Treaties528

507.No necessary Form of Treaties528

508.Acts， Conventions， Declarations529

509.Parts of Treaties530

Ⅴ.Ratification of Treaties531

510.Conception and Function of Ratification531

511.Rationale for the Institution of Ratification532

512.Ratification regularly， but not absolutely， necessary533

513.Space of Time for Ratification534

514.Refusal of Ratification534

515.Form of Ratification535

516.Ratification by whom effected536

517.Ratification cannot be partial and conditional537

518.Effect of Ratification538

Ⅵ.Effect of Treaties539

519.Effect of Treaties upon Contracting Parties539

520.Effect of Treaties upon the Subjects of the Parties539

521.Effect of Changes in Government upon Treaties540

522.Effect of Treaties upon Third States541

Ⅶ.Means of Securing Performance of Treaties542

523.What means have been in use542

524.Oaths542

525.Hostages543

526.Pledge543

527.Occupation of Territory543

528.Guarantee544

Ⅷ.Participation of Third States in Treaties544

529.Interest and Participation to be distinguished544

530.Good Offices and Mediation545

531.Intervention545

532.Accession546

533.Adhesion546

Ⅸ.Expiration and Dissolution of Treaties547

534.Expiration and Dissolution in Contradistinction to Fulfil-ment547

535.Expiration through Expiration of Time548

536.Expiration through Resolutive Condition548

537.Mutual Consent548

538.Withdrawal by Notice549

539.Vital Change of Circumstances550

Ⅹ.Voidance of Treaties553

540.Grounds of Voidance553

541.Extinction of one of the two Contracting Parties553

542.Impossibility of Execution554

543.Realisation of Purpose of Treaty other than by Fulfilment554

544.Extinction of such Object as was concerned in a Treaty554

ⅩⅠ.Cancellation of Treaties555

545.Grounds of Cancellation555

546.Inconsistency with subsequent International Law555

547.Violation by one of the Contracting Parties555

548.Subsequent Change of Status of one of the Contracting Parties556

549.War557

ⅩⅡ.Renewal， Reconfirnation， and Redintegration of Treaties557

550.Renewal of Treaties557

551.Reconfirmation558

552.Redintegration558

ⅩⅢ.Interpretation of Treaties559

553.Authentic Interpretation， and the Compromise Clause559

554.Rules of Interpretation which recommend themselves560

CHAPTER ⅢIMPORTANT GROUPS OF TREATIES563

Ⅰ.Important Law-making Treaties563

555.Important Law-making Treaties a product of the Nineteenth Century563

556.Final Act of the Vienna Congress564

557.Protocol of the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle564

558.Treaty of London of 1831564

559.Declaration of Paris564

560.Geneva Convention565

561.Treaty of London of 1867566

562.Declaration of St.Petersburg566

563.Treaty of Berlin of 1878566

564.General Act of the Congo Conference566

565.Treaty of Constantinople of 1888567

566.General Act of the Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference567

567.Final Act of the Hague Peace Conference567

568.Treaty of Washington of 1901568

Ⅱ.Alliances569

569.Conception of Alliances569

570.Parties to Alliances570

571.Different kinds of Alliances571

572.Conditions of Alliances571

573.Casus Fosderis572

Ⅲ.Treaties of Guarantee and of Protection573

574.Conception and Objects of Guarantee Treaties573

575.Effect of Treaties of Guarantee574

576.Effect of Collective Guarantee575

577.Treaties of Protection576

Ⅳ.Unions Concerning Comnmnon Non-Political Interests576

578.Common in Contradistinction to Particular Interests576

579.Universal Postal Union577

580.Universal Telegraph Union578

581.Union Concerning Railway Transports and Freights578

582.Convention concerning the Metric System579

583.Union for Protection of Industrial Property579

584.Union for Protection of Works of Literature and Art579

585.Union for the Publication of Customs Tariffs580

586.Conventions concerning Private International Law580

587.Phylloxera Conventions581

588.Sanitary Conventions581

589.Monetary Unions581

590.Convention for Preservation of Wild Animals in Africa582

591.Convention concerning Bounties on Sugar582

APPENDIⅨ THE ANGLo-FRENcH AGRREMENT oF APRIL 8， 1904585

Ⅰ.Declaration respecting Egypt and Morocco585

Ⅱ.Convention signed at London， April 8， 1904588

Ⅲ.Declaration concerning Siam， Madagascar， and the New Hebrides593

INDEX595