《Table 3.Bone diseases or dysfunctions caused by theβ-group of rhodopsin GPCR mutation or deletion》下

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《The role of GPCRs in bone diseases and dysfunctions》

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The rhodopsin familyα-group.When theα-group rhodopsin GPCRs were analyzed for effects of mutation or deletion，eight GPCRs were associated with human bone diseases or dysfunctions.Mutations of ADRB2，118CNR2，21，119–120and DRD4121–122were associated with reduced human BMD，while MC4R123increased BMD.ADRB2 genotypes AG and GG had more frequent osteoporosis at the femoral neck（3.27 and 3.89 times more frequent，respectively，compared to AA genotype）in a study of592 postmenopausal Korean women.118Woo et al.suggested that the CNR2 gene polymorphisms rs2501431，rs3003336，rs2229579，and rs4237 may affect BMD in postmenopausal Korean women.119A CNR2 polymorphism is associated with low BMD in Japanese120and French women.21Japanese men with the 521C>T polymorphism of DRD4 more frequently had reduced BMD，but no difference was reported in women.121Five missense mutations（N62S，R165Q，V253I，C271Y，and T112M）in MC4R are associated with a marked increase in human BMD and a tendency toward tall height121（Table 2）.