《Table 1Relationships between TCMs and diseases in terms of the gut microbiota.》

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《肠道微生态——探索中药临床疗效的新思路》

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Resveratrol can be cleaved into glycoside ligands by cytoplasmic glucosidase after being absorbed as a type of glycoside.Animal studies have shown that resveratrol can reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine levels，intercellular adhesion molecule/vascular cell adhesion molecule（ICAM/VCAM）expression，neutrophil infiltration，and oxidative stress and suppress the TLR4/NF-j B pathway，thus increasing the expression of SIRT1 and enhancing the antioxidant effect；however，the b-glucosidase produced by the intestinal flora can also degrade resveratrol[69].Caffeic acid restores the richness of the intestinal flora and inhibits the increase in the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes.Aldehydes significantly increase the abundance of Akkermansia bacteria，which degrade mucoproteins[70].Consistent with this finding，compared with a model group，populations of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus，which are well-known beneficial bacteria，significantly increased in HPM and SA groups，while populations of Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis，which are well-known harmful bacteria associated with colon disease，decreased.Furthermore，the expression of TNF-a and IL-12，which are associated with inflammation，was lower after HPM and SA treatment than in the UC model.However，the internal connection between the microbiota and inflammatory factors has not been further studied[71].In a rat model of colitis，ellagitannin-rich pomegranate extract significantly increased the populations of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp.，as did urolithin-A，the main metabolite of ellagitannins.Interestingly，the anti-inflammatory properties of urolithin-A are much stronger than those of the parent ellagitannin-rich extract[75].Regarding the potential mechanism of Bawei Xileisan，it was reported that Bawei Xileisan treatment groups exhibit increased counts of Bacteroides，which are acknowledged to be among the most effective bacteria to ameliorate UC-associated edema and mucosal tolerance，relative to the control group[72].Red ginseng and Semen Coicis exhibit the ability to enhance the in vitro growth of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus，which are known probiotics，while red ginseng also inhibits the growth of several different strains of pathogens，thereby resulting in the alleviation of UC symptoms[37].The nanopharmaceutical astragalus substantially readjusts the intestinal microecological imbalance；7 d of treatment with this compound significantly increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in rat intestines.Meanwhile，the counts of Enterococcus and Escherichia coli and the intestinal flora ratio decreased to normal levels.Volatile fatty acid content in the colon increased，and bacterial translocation in the liver was effectively controlled.In conclusion，after these abovementioned treatments，the gut microbiota exhibited some changes.Therefore，as the gut microbiota may play at least a partial important role in the potential mechanism of action of these medicines，these mechanisms should be investigated further in future research（Table 1 and Fig.2）.