《Table 3 Sources of flavonoid compounds and their antibacterial activities》

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《Role of flavonoids in plant interactions with the environment and against human pathogens-A review》

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Flavonoids not only inhibit the germination of plant pathogens but also proposed to have noteworthy properties against human fungal pathogens（Cushnie and Lamb2005；Yi?it et al.2009；Salas et al.2011）.A newly isolated flavanone from Eysenhardtia texana identified as5，7，4′-trihydroxy-8-methyl-6-（3-methyl-[2-butenyl]）-（2S）-flavanone，has shown activity against Candida albicans（Herrera et al.2010；Yousefbeyk et al.2014）.Baicalein isolated from Scutellaria biacalensis induces apoptosis in C.albicans and inhibits efflux pump（Serpa et al.2012）.Another flavonoid 7-hydroxy-3′，4′-（methylenedioxy）flavan，from Terminalia bellerica and gallotannins from Syzygium cordatum，have also shown activity against C.albicans（Mulaudzi et al.2012；McGuire et al.2013；Gabriela et al.2014）.Two novel flavones，identified as 6，7，4′-trihydroxy-3′，5′-dimethoxyflavone and 5，5′-dihydroxy-8，2′，4′-trimethoxyflavone，isolated from Artemisia giraldi possess potential activity against Aspergillus flavus（Zheng et al.1996；Thillainayagam et al.2017），a species of fungi cause severe illness in immunosuppressed patients（Prescott et al.1999）.Propolis also showed activity against Candida spp.and dermatophytes because of its high flavonoid contents（Agüero et al.2014），while another flavonol（galangin）most commonly found in propolis had inhibitory activities against A.flavus，A.tamari，Penicillium digitatum，P.italicum and Cladosporium sphaerospermum（Afolayan and Meyer 1997；Famewo et al.2017）.The flavonoids isolated from Vitex negundo and Dianthus caryophyllus have been reported against various fungal species such as Trichophyton mentagrophytes，Cryptococcus neoformans and Verticillium alba-atrum（Sathiamoorthy et al.2007；Galeotti et al.2008）.Hesperidin along with10 other flavonoids extracted from Citrus spp.not only showed the inhibitory effect to fungal contaminants including A.flavus，P.expansum，Trichoderma glaucum，A.parasiticus，Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium semitectum（Islam and Ahsan 1997；Salas et al.2011），but also reduced patulin（fungal mycotoxin）accumulation produced by Byssochlamys fulva，P.expansum and A.terreus（Salas et al.2012）.Antifungal properties of various classes of flavonoids are summarized in Table 4.