《Table 2 Predictors of chronic narcotic use in patients with ulcerative colitis》

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《Opioid use and misuse in ulcerative colitis》

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Among the risk factors included in the multivariate analysis，only functional gastrointestinal disease，tobacco use，and anxiety increased the risk for chronic narcotic use in ulcerative colitis.FGID:Functional gastrointestinal disease.

A total of 497 patients with UC seen at the University of Virginia Digestive Health Clinic from 2006 to 2011 were included in the study cohort（Table 1）.Of these，39（7.8%）patients were identified as having concurrent FGID.In addition，103（20.7%）patients had concomitant psychiatric disease including 68 patients with depression，22with anxiety，and 13 with an alternative psychiatric diagnosis.Forty-three（8.7%）patients were current tobacco users.