《Table 1 Studies of pharmacological therapies with immunomodulatory properties in animal models of A

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The pharmaceutical therapies were with fasudil，LW-AFC，curcumin，TNF inhibitor XPro1595，IL-1 receptor antagonist（IL-1RA），pioglitazone，rosiglitazone，quercetin，IL-1β，cannabidiol，multi-targeted diet（zinc，melatonin，curcumin，piperine，eicosapentaenoic acid，docosahexaenoic acid，uridine，choline），and clioquinol.These have all been shown to have immunomodulatory properties（fasudil:Thorlacius et al.，2006；Song et al.，2013；Liu et al.，2015；LW-AFC:Wang et al.，2016；curcumin:Gaulam et al.，2007；TNF inhibitor XPro1595:Fischer et al.，2015；IL-1RA:Granowitz et al.，1992；Nedumpun et al.，2017；pioglitazone:Singh et al.，2011；El-Sisi et al.，2015；rosiglitazone:Liu et al.，2009；Serghides et al.，2009；quercetin:Li et al.，2016；Casas-Grajales et al.，2017；IL-1β:Chen et al.，2010；cannabidiol:Mecha et al.，2013；Zgair et al.，2017；memantine:Lowinus et al.，2016；Lee et al.，2015；melatonin:Giannoulia-Karantana et al.，2006；Medrano-Campillo et al.，2015；piperine:Sunila and Kuttan，2004；Rodgers et al.，2009；eicosapentaenoic acid:Iwami et al.，2011；Hirahashi et al.，2014；decosahexaenoic acid:Koch et al.，2006；Hjorth and Freund-Levi，2012；uridine:Abood et al.，2014；choline:Pavlov et al.，2003；Parrish et al.，2006；Parrish et al.，2008；Rowley et al.，2010；clioquinol:Kidd et al.，2016）.The thirteen animal studies utilizing these pharmaceutical agents are summarized in Table 1.Eleven of these studies had used mouse models，and two a rat model.In the mouse studies，the ages of the animals at which treatment was started ranged from 6 weeks to 21 months and where gender was specified 4 had used males，3 females，and 2 both males and females.The rat studies had used males，with ages ranging from 8 weeks to 4 months.The treatment period with the pharmacological agent ranged from 30 days to 5 months.