《Table 1Main dimensions of the direct-coupling HD-TAR (unit:mm) .》

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《A looped heat-driven thermoacoustic refrigeration system with direct-coupling configuration for room temperature cooling》

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With these considerations and the optimization with the aid of commercial software SAGE[9]，a three-unit direct-coupling HD-TAR operating in room temperature cooling range was designed，built and tested.The main component dimensions are listed in Table 1.The regenerator 1 and 2 are packed with 120-mesh stainless steel screens.The flow straightener is packed with 20-mesh copper screens.The working gas is helium with a mean pressure of 10 MPa.On account of cyclic symmetry，only one unit needs to be simulated.Fig.2 illustrates the axial distribution of the p-U phase difference and acoustic power flow in one unit.According to Fig.2，the p-U phase difference varies fromà32°toà18°inside the regenerator 1（Reg 1）of the TAE and it varies from 7°to 17°inside the regenerator 2（Reg 2）of the TAR.There is no doubt that traveling wave dominates the regenerators of the TAE and TAR.The acoustic power is amplified from 2.55 to 3.90 kW in the regenerator 1 of the TAE，corresponding to a thermoacoustic conversion efficiency of 27%with the input heating power of 5.07 kW.The acoustic power is then consumed by the regenerator 2 to pump2.18 kW heat from 10 to 50°C.Finally，the rest acoustic power of2.58 kW enters the next unit to be amplified，consumed and recycled.Finally，a cooling capacity of 2.18 kW and a coefficient of performance（COP，defined as cooling capacity divided by heating power）of 0.43 are obtained at the cooling temperature of 10°C in one unit.