《Table 1 Summary of the risk factors for brain tumors》

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《脑肿瘤遗传流行病学及危险因素研究进展（英文）》

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In addition，many previous studies have investigated the role of chemical exposures（e.g.，pesticides，heavy metals，and nitroso compounds），alcohol and/or tobacco，dietar y，medications（e.g.，v itamins C and E，nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs，and antihistamines），female hormone-related/reproductive factors（e.g.，use of hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives），physical factors（e.g.，electromagnetic fields，including those produced by cell phones，head trauma，and seizures），infectious agents（e.g.，herpesv ir uses，retrov ir uses，polyomaviruses，and adenoviruses），and energy balancerelated factors（e.g.，body mass index，higher bir th weight，and taller height），but none of these factors has been definitively established to be involved in risk of brain tumors（Table 1）.One of the challenges faced by analytic epidemiology studies on brain tumors is related to identifying a homogenous set of tumors，which is an important aspect of study design given that different tumor subtypes could have divergent etiologies.Additional challenges are use of appropriate control groups in casecontrol studies，consistencies in histological classifications，accurate exposure assessment in retrospective studies，and defining the latency periods between exposure and outcome.