《Table 4 Multivariate analysis of independent variables and low vision (Nangarhar-Afghanistan, 2015)

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《Prevalence of visual impairment and related factors in Nangarhar Province of Afghanistan:a cross sectional study》

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R square=0.066（Cox and Snell），0.115（Nagelkerke），0.045（Hosmer and Lemeshow Test）.Last step（9th）；Backward:Conditional method.

From Oct.01，2015 to Oct.27，2015，1384 people（532in Jalalabad City and 821 in 4 districts）were requested to participate in the study.Out of 1353 people 1281（94.7%）people accepted participation.Men were participated slightly higher（53.2%）than women.Less than one-fourth（23.5%）of the participants were aged 65y and over；almost two-thirds were illiterate；73.1%were married at the time of the survey；59.4%resided at rural areas.According to self-evaluation，30.0%stated that their socioeconomic status as“bad”（Table 1）.Generally，170（13.3%）of the participants reported their health status as poor，48.4%fair and 38.3%good.Of the participants，27.8%were overweight/obese；20.8%had hypertension（HTN）and 4.6%had diabetes mellitus（DM）already diagnosed by a physician；30.0%were currently smoker.More than two-thirds（67.5%）spent more than 6h outdoor in a day，and only 11.2%were wearing sunglasses at outdoor for eye protection（Table 2）.The prevalence of VI（VA<6/18 in the better eye on presentation）was determined as 22.6%（95%CI，20%-25%）.LV（VA<6/18 to≥3/60 in the better eye on presentation）as13.9%（n=178；95%CI，12%-16%）and blindness（VA<3/60 in the better eye on presentation）as 8.7%（n=112；95%CI，7.0%-10.0%）.There are 61.4%of VI composed by LV and 38.6%by blindness.The most common causes of the VI were cataract（52.8%），followed by URE（26.9%），glaucoma（8.6%），other posterior segment disorders（4.8%），AMD（3.4%），corneal opacity（CO）and DR each at 1.4%，and cataract surgical complication and phthisis（each at 0.3%）.Number one cause of LV was URE（42.0%）compared to the cataract for blindness at72.0%.The second main cause of LV was cataract（40.4%）followed by glaucoma（7.9%），AMD（4.5%），DR（2.2%），CO（1.7%），other posterior segment disorders（1.1%）and cataract surgical complication（0.6%），whereas the second cause of the blindness was other posterior segment disorders（10.7%）followed by glaucoma（9.8%），URE（3.6%），AMD（1.8%），COand phthisis each at 0.9%.