《Table 1MIC and MFC of underutilised tropical fruit extracts against human fungal pathogens.》

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《Antifungal and cytotoxic activities of extracts obtained from underutilised edible tropical fruits》

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aThe MIC and MFC values for extracts are presented as mean of three consistent replicates in mg/m L.bThe antibiotic griseofulvin was used for T.interdigitale while amphotericin B was used for other fungal strains，and the MIC values are expressed inμg/m L

By considering one extract against one fungus as one bioassay，as shown in Table 1，45.6%of the bioassays（82/180）showed fungistatic activity whereas 26.1%（47/180）of the bioassays displayed fungicidalactivity.The dimorphic yeast C.neoformans was the most susceptible fungus as its growth was inhibited by all 30 extracts evaluated in this study with a MIC range of 0.02 to 2.50 mg/m L.Hence，FSI for C.neoformans was 100%.Half of these extracts were also able to kill the yeast but at a higher MFC range，which was 0.08 to 2.50 mg/m L.In contrast，the filamentous fungus A.fumigatus was the most resistant fungus（FSI=0%）as none of the extracts showed activity against it.The calculated FSI values for C.albicans，C.parapsilosis，C.krusei and T.interdigitale were 56.7%，50.0%，36.7%and 30.0%，respectively.Comparing the flesh and kernel of M.pajang fruit，all extracts from the kernel part were active against all the fungi，except A.fumigatus，with lower MIC and MFC ranges of 0.001-0.630 and 0.001-2.500mg/m L，respectively.Extracts from the flesh part were only active against the four species of yeasts，with MIC and MFC ranges of0.16-2.50 and 0.63-2.50 mg/m L，respectively.Besides A.fumigatus，all extracts of P.minima did not exhibit any antifungal activity against C.parapsilosis，C.krusei and T.interdigitale.Using the classification of antimicrobial potency proposed by Saraiva et al.[30]，only the six extracts from the kernel of M.pajang were considered to be highly active against the fungi（depending on the species）tested，in which the achievable MIC value was less than 0.1 mg/m L.The ethanol and methanol extracts from the kernel exhibited the lowest MIC or MFC in this study，with a value of 0.001 mg/m L against C.krusei（Table 1）.