《面向对象系统分析与设计》

1．INTRODUCTION1

1．INTRODUCTION1

Chapter Objectives1

PartⅠSystems Analysis and Conceptual Design1

PartⅠSystems Analysis and Conceptual Design1

Systems Analysis and Design Has Many Other Names2

What is a System?4

What is an Information System?5

What is an Automated Information System?7

What are the Basic Characteristics of an Information System?8

What is Systems Analysis and Design?10

What Makes Systems Analysis and Design such a Difficult Human Endeavor?10

Stakeholders of an Information System12

Systems Analysis and Design as a Career13

What is a Systems Analyst Responsible For?14

What does a Systems Analyst Do?14

Systems Analysis and Design Skills and Activities15

General Model of Systems Analysis and Design17

The Detailed Activities of Analysis and Design18

Systems Analysis and Design Projects21

Where do Information Systems Analysis and Design Projects Come From?22

Information Systems Requirements Specification23

Information Systems Life Cycle and Information Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)24

Principles to Guide Information Systems Analysis and Design26

Summary27

Questions27

References28

2．FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS AND REQUIREMENTS DETERMINATION29

Chapter Objectives29

2．FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS AND REQUIREMENTS DETERMINATION29

Feasibility Analysis30

Feasibility Types30

Requirements Determination33

Problem Domain35

Frameworks for Understanding and Doing Requirements Determination37

Requirements Determination Sub-Activities38

The Pieces FrameWork38

Kozar s Requirements Model40

Object-Oriented Requirements Determination Modeling Activities44

Methods Used to Gather an Information System s Requirements45

Feedback to the User48

Requirements Ambiguity49

Summary51

Questions52

References53

3．AN OBJECT-ORIENTED METHODOLOGY AND MODEL55

Chapter Objectives55

Methodologies55

3．AN OBJECT-ORIENTED METHODOLOGY AND MODEL55

The Traditional Methodology56

Structured Analysis and Design Methodology56

Information Modeling Methodology58

Object-Oriented Methodology59

Key Characteristics of an Object-Oriented Methodology60

Two Classic Problems Resolved with Object-Oriented Analysis and Design66

Classification Theory67

Coad s Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Methodology and Notation68

Coad s Object-Oriented Methodology68

Coad s Object Model Components72

An Object-Oriented Model73

Summary82

Questions82

References83

4．OBJECTS AND CLASSES86

4．OBJECTS AND CLASSES86

Chapter Objectives86

Objects and Classes87

Object and Class Rules and Guidelines88

Class Attributes and Services Defined89

Comment on Object-Oriented Problem Solving Strategy91

Finding Objects92

Wirfs-Brock Noun Phrase Strategy92

Wirfs-Brock CRC Strategy94

Conglomeration Strategy94

The Video Store Example-Finding Objects96

A Future Enhancements Strategy98

Summary99

Questions100

References101

5．OBJECT RESPONSIBILITIES: ATTRIBUTES102

5．OBJECT RESPONSIBILITIES: ATTRIBUTES102

Chapter Objectives102

Attributes103

Determining Attributes106

Attribute Types107

Object-Oriented Methodology Strategy for Different Attribute Types109

Object-Oriented Strategy for Multivalue Attributes110

The Video Store Example-Identifying Attributes112

Summary113

Questions114

References115

6．OBJECT RESPONSIBILITIES: CLASS AND OBJECT CONNECTIONS116

6．OBJECT RESPONSIBILITIES: CLASS AND OBJECT CONNECTIONS116

Chapter Objectives116

WhoI Know Responsibility of an Object117

Generalization-Specialization Pattern118

Object Patterns118

Generalization-Specialization Inheritance125

Whole-Part Object Connection Pattern128

Heuristics for Finding Whole-Part Patterns134

Object Connection Patterns136

Video Store Example144

Questions147

Summary147

References148

7．OBJECT RESPONSIBILITIES: SERVICES AND SCENARIOS149

Chapter Objectives149

7．OBJECT RESPONSIBILITIES: SERVICES AND SCENARIOS149

What I Do Responsibility of an Object150

Business Objectives Tactics, Information Systems Objectives and Tactics, and Policies and Procedur150

Types of Services151

Basic Services151

Problem Domain Specific Services154

Finding and Identifying Services159

The Video Store Example-Identifying Services161

Other Techniques for Identifying Services162

Techniques for Documenting and Describing Service Details164

Service Details164

Scenarios165

Structured English or Pseudocode166

Decision Tables and Decision Trees168

A Decision Table Example171

A Decision Tree Example174

State-Transition Diagrams176

The Video Store Example-Assigning Services to Classes and Message Connections177

Transition from Systems Analysis to Systems Design180

Summary181

Questions182

References183

8．SYSTEMS DESIGN184

PartⅡPhysical Design Implementation184

8．SYSTEMS DESIGN184

Chapter Objectives184

PartⅡ Physical Design Implementation184

Information Systems Design185

Historical Information Systems Design185

An Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Methodology187

Information Systems Design Strategy Choices187

Object-Oriented Design193

Alternative Object-Oriented Information Systems Development Strategies202

Summary203

Questions204

References205

Chapter Objectives206

9．OUTPUT DESIGN206

9．OUTPUT DESIGN206

Output: High Quality, Usable Information207

Internal, External, and Turnaround Outputs209

Output Types209

Static and Dynamic Outputs211

Output Devices and Media212

Output: Report Types214

Output Formats214

Output: Graphs221

Output: Internal Controls225

Summary227

The Future of Output Design227

References228

Questions228

10．INPUT DESIGN229

10．INPUT DESIGN229

Chapter Objectives229

Introduction229

The Many Facets of Input Data231

Data Validation and Verification231

Input Data Methods232

Input Devices235

General Guidelines for Inputing Data235

Graphical User Interface (GUI)Design for Input242

Summary247

Questions247

References248

11．FILE AND DATABASE DESIGN249

Chapter Objectives249

11．FILE AND DATABASE DESIGN249

Files and Databases250

Data Structures252

Attribute Classifications254

File Types258

File Access and Organization262

Normalization265

Object-Oriented Database279

Evolution of Object-Oriented Database279

Characteristics of an Object-Oriented Data Model280

Strengths of an Object-Oriented Database282

Weaknesses of an Object-Oriented Database284

Summary284

Questions285

References285

12．SOFTWARE CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING286

12．SOFTWARE CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING286

Chapter Objectives286

Introduction286

General Software Design Principles288

Software Construction Framework291

Object-Oriented Software Construction Framework293

Software Construction Strategies293

Cohesion and Coupling295

Object-Oriented Cohesion and Coupling299

Software Testing299

Software Testing Strategies300

A Generic Software Testing Methodology303

Application and Code Generators308

Summary308

Questions309

References309

13．IMPLEMENTATION310

Chapter Objectives310

Introduction310

13．IMPLEMENTATION310

Install: The First Phase of Implementation311

Activate: The Second Phase of Implementation314

Institutionalization: The Final Phase of Implementation316

Organizational (Planned) Change for Information Systems318

The Stages of Organizational Change319

Action Research and Force Field Analysis322

Implementation Critical Success Factors325

Summary326

Questions326

References327

PartⅢ Modules—Miscellaneous Systems Analysis and Design Topics329

A．INFORMATION SYSTEMS PLANNING329

Module Objectives329

Introduction329

PartⅢ Modules-Miscellaneous Systems Analysis and Design Topics329

A．INFORMATION SYSTEMS PLANNING329

A Generic Information Systems Planning Methodology331

Why Engage in Information Systems Planning？334

Information Systems Planning Techniques and Methodologies335

Summary335

Questions335

References336

B．PROTOTYPING337

B．PROTOTYPING337

Module Objectives337

Prototypings Placement within a Systems Development Life Cycle338

Product versus Information Systems Prototyping Differences338

Prototyping Benefits339

Prototyping s Risk340

Prototyping Synonyms341

Enabling Technologies for Prototyping342

Does Prototyping Work？343

How to Initiate Prototyping344

Summary345

Questions345

References345

C．COMPUTER-AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (CASE)346

Module Objectives346

Introduction346

C．COMPUTER-AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (CASE)346

CASE Architecture347

The Stages of CASE Usage349

The Benefits of CASE349

The Issues of CASE349

Summary351

Questions351

References351

D．SOFTWARE PROCESS IMPROVEMENT353

Module Objectives353

D．SOFTWARE PROCESS IMPROVEMENT353

Introduction353

Immature and Mature Systems Development Organizations354

The Five Maturity Levels of the SEI Capability Maturity Model355

A Generic Systems Development Process Improvement Model358

The ISO 9000 Process Improvement Methodology359

Summary359

Questions360

References360

E．THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGE361

E．THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGE361

Module Objectives361

Introduction361

Software Development s Quadruple Constraint363

Information Technology Management Issues364

Systems Development Risks364

Systems Analysis and Design versus Software Engineering365

A Systems Development Architecture for the 1990s366

SDLC, Methodology, Technique, and Tool369

Summary371

Questions371

References372

F．PROJECT MANAGEMENT373

Module Objectives373

Introduction373

F．PROJECT MANAGEMENT373

Two Tools: PERT Network and Gantt Chart375

The PERT Network376

A PERT Network Example377

PERT Network Strengths and Weaknesses381

The Gantt Chart383

A Gantt Chart Example384

Summary384

Questions385

References386

G．COMMUNICATION AND ELECTRONIC MEETINGS387

G．COMMUNICATION AND ELECTRONIC MEETINGS387

Module Objectives387

Communication within an Information Systems Development Project388

Systems Development Project Communication Opportunities389

Problem Solving Session Strategy392

Electronic Meetings to Support Group Work393

Summary395

Questions395

References395

H．BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING396

Module Objectives396

Introduction396

H．BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING396

Lessons Learned from Organizations that Have Done It397

The Core of Business Process Reengineering398

A Business Process Reengineering Strategy399

Summary399

Business Process Reengineering is Organizational Change399

Questions400

References400

GLOSSARY401

GLOSSARY401

RECOMMENDED READING TO GET STARTED-AUGUST 1995410

RECOMMENDED READING TO GET STARTED-AUGUST 1995410

BIBLIOGRAPHY—OBJECT-ORIENTED TECHNOLOGY411

BIBLIOGRAPHY—OBJECT-ORIENTED TECHNOLOGY411

INDEX421

INDEX421