《地道英语写作技巧 系统实践 The practical approach》

CHAPTER ONE:START TO WRITE1

Ⅰ.Outline-the Organization of Your Composition1

E.Sentence Outline1

A.Scratch Outline2

F.Writing Abstract or Summary form Outline3

C.Developing Outline from Reading4

D.Writing Outline Systematically and Orderly8

Ⅱ.Coordination and Grmmatical Uniformity9

A.Coordination9

B.Grammatical Uniformity20

CHAPTETER TOW :SENTENCE STRUCTURE,PATTERN,VARIETY,TRANSFORMATION,EXPANSION AND COMBINATION23

Ⅰ.Basic Sentence Structure23

A.Subject23

C.Complete Thought24

B.Predicate24

D.Tow Basic Sentence Patterns25

E.Phrases26

F.Clauses28

ⅡPatterns of Sentences32

A.simple Sentences32

B.Compound Sentences32

C.Complex Sentences33

B.Topic outline36

D.Compound-Complex Sentences36

Ⅲ.Variety38

Ⅳ.Transformation of Sentences43

A.Conversion of Simple sentences to Compound Sentences43

B.Conversion of Compound sentences to Simple Sentences44

C.Conversion of Simple sentences to Compiex Sentences46

D.Conversion of Complexsentences to Simple Sentences47

E.Conversion of Compound sentences to Complex Sentences49

F.Conversion of Simple sentences to Compound Sentences50

Ⅴ.Expansion of Sentences52

A,Expand Parts of a Sentence52

B.Expanaion by Clauses52

Ⅵ.Vombination of Sentences55

A.Coordination55

B.Subordination55

C.Appositives56

D.Participles56

E.Absolutes56

F.Series56

G.Periodic Sentence57

H.Cumulatve Structure57

A.Unity in Sentences65

B.Coherence in Sentences65

CHAPTER THREE :WRITING STYLE AND PROBLEMS65

Ⅰ.Writing Style65

C.Power66

Ⅱ.Problems in Sentences69

A.Subject and Verb Agreement69

B.Pronoun-refernce71

C.Shifs in Points of View71

D.Comma Splice72

E.Fused or Run -on Sentences72

F.Sentence Fragments73

G.Modifiers73

H.Parallel Construction74

D.Wrong Words81

C.Redundancy81

B.Roundabout Sentences81

Ⅰ.Using Percise Words81

CHAPTER FOUR:WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS81

A.Unnecessary Words and Phrases81

E.Wear Words82

G.Unnecessary Use of Prouns82

H.Unnecessary Expressions82

Ⅱ.Keeping Your Language Fresh and to Avoid Cliches83

Ⅲ.Discard Jargon85

Ⅳ.Wordiness88

Ⅴ.Redundancy89

Ⅵ.Acquiting New Words and Expressive Phrases90

CHAPTER FIVE :PREPOSITIONS AND PHRASAL VERBS101

Ⅰ.Prepositions101

A.Simple Prepositions101

C.Compound Preposions and Idionmatic Prepositions104

B.Participal Prepositions104

Ⅱ.Phrasal Verbs108

SHAPTER SIX:PARAGRAPH124

Ⅰ.Topic Sentence and Main Idea125

Ⅱ.Position of Topic Sentences129

A.At the Brginning of Paragraph129

B.In the Middle of Paragraph130

C.At the Emd of Paragraph130

D.With no9 Topic Sentence131

E.In the Last Line of Previous Paragraph131

F.For Tow or Three Paragraph131

G.Paragraph Composed of a Single Topic Sentence132

Ⅲ.Topic Sentence and Pattern of Paragraph Development132

Ⅳ.Paragraph Unity and Order of Sentences134

A.Time Order140

C.General-to-Specific Order143

B.Space Orser143

D.Specific-to-General Ouder144

E.Order of Climax146

Ⅴ.Coherence147

A.Order148

B.Transition150

Ⅵ.Compelteness156

Ⅶ.Three Types of Paragraphs157

A.Introductory Pargraph158

B.Transitional Paragraph160

C.Concluding Paragraph161

Ⅷ.Patten of Development162

A.Definition162

B.Classification163

C.Example and Illustration164

E.Details165

D.Process165

F.Narrative and Descriptive166

G.Cause and Effect166

H.Spatial Order167

I.Comparision and Contrast168

J.Chronlogical Order169

K.Argumentation170

Ⅸ.Paragraph Expansion172

A.Three -Paragraph Expansion172

B.Five-Paragraph Expansion173

C.Examples175

D.Model Essay Expanded from Single Paragraph179

APPENDIX182

Ⅰ.More Adjectives in Context182

Ⅱ.Words and Phrases from Time and Newsweek Magazines185

Ⅲ.Writing Test Samples from TOEFL189