《英语语言学导论》求取 ⇩

Ⅰ．Language and Iinguistics1

1．Language1

1.1 What is language?1

1.2 The key properties of human language3

2．Linguistics8

2.1 What is linguistics?8

2.2 Distinctions between linguistics and traditional grammar8

2.3 The scope of linguistics11

2.4 Synchronic and diachronic linguistics12

Ⅱ．Phonetics and phonology14

1．Phonetics14

1.1 The organs of speech14

1.2 English speech sounds18

1.2.1 English consonants18

1.2.2 English vowels22

1.3 Phonetic transcription25

2．Phonology26

2.1 Phonology26

2.2 Phonetics and phonology27

2.3 The phoneme28

2.3.1 Phonemes and allophones28

2.3.2 Minimal pair29

2.3.3 Complementary distribution30

2.3.4 Phonetic similarity31

2.4 Distinctive features31

2.5 Suprasegmental phonemes33

2.5.1 Stress34

2.5.2 Pitch35

2.5.3 Juncture36

2.5.4 Intonation36

2.6 Assimilation and deletion38

2.6.1 Assimilation38

2.6.2 Deletion39

2.7 Phonemes are meaningless39

Ⅲ．Morphology42

1．Morphology42

2．The morpheme43

2.1 Morphemes and allomorphs43

2.2 Phonological and morphological conditioning of allomorphs45

2.2.1 Phonological conditioning45

2.2.2 Morphological conditioning46

2.3 Morpheme types47

2.3.1 Free and bound morphemes47

2.3.2 Roots,stems and affixes48

2.3.3 Inflectional and derivational affixes49

3．Word types50

4．Word classes51

4.1 Open classes52

4.2 Closed classes52

Ⅳ．Syntax54

1．Syntax54

2．Phrase55

2.1 Types of phrase55

2.2 Structures of phrase56

3．Clause and sentence58

3.1 Types of clause58

3.2 Simple and complex sentences59

4．Expansion,conjoining and embedding60

4.1 Expansion60

4.2 Conjoning60

4.3 Embedding61

5．Syntactic analysis61

6．Beyond the sentence63

Ⅴ．Semantics66

1．What is semantics?66

2．Sense relations67

2.1 Synonymy67

2.2 Antonymy69

2.3 Hyponymy71

2.4 Polysemy and homonymy72

2.5 Semantic fields73

3．Componential analysis75

4．Sentence meaning77

4.1 Lexical and grammatical meaning77

4.2 Sentence meaning78

4.3 Selectional restrictions80

4.4 Semantic relations between sentences81

Ⅵ．Pragmatics85

1．What is pragmatics?85

2．Speech act theory86

3．The Cooperative Principle90

4．The Politeness Principle92

Ⅶ．Language change96

1．Sound change97

2．Lexical change98

2.1 Addition of new words98

2.2 Loss of words103

3．Morphological and syntactical change103

3.1 Morphological change103

3.2 Syntactical change104

4．Semantic change105

4.1 Broadening105

4.2 Narrowing106

4.3 Meaning shift106

Ⅷ．De Saussure and modern linguistics109

1．Ferdinand de Saussure109

2．The arbitrariness of the linguistic sign110

3．The relational nature of linguistic units112

4．Langue and parole113

5．Synchronic and diachronic linguistics114

6．Syntagmatic and paradigmaticrelations116

7．De Saussure's influence on modern linguistics118

Ⅸ．American structuralism120

1．Preliminary remarks120

2．The influence of behaviourism124

3．The constituent structure of sentences126

3.1 The word126

3.2 Immediate constituent analysis128

3.3 Endocentric and exocentric constructions130

3.4 Advantage of IC analysis131

3.5 Problems with IC analysis132

Ⅹ．Transformational-generative grammar135

1．Chomsky and his theory135

2．Competence and performance137

3．Aspects of TG138

3.1 Transformational aspect138

3.2 Generative aspect139

4．Deep and surface structures140

5．Rules in TG142

5.1 Phrase structure rules142

5.2 Transformational rules144

6．Components of a TG147

6.1 The base148

6.2 The phonological component149

6.3 The semantic component150

Ⅺ．Systemic-functional linguistics153

1．Preliminary remarks153

2．Scale and Category Grammar155

2.1 Levels of language155

2.2 Categories and scales157

3．Systemic-functional grammar163

3.1 The systemic orientation163

3.2 Functional components164

4．The linguistic system170

Appendix Ⅰ173

Appendix Ⅱ176

Bibliography189