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PART ONEDIPLOMACY AND DIPLOMATIC LANGUAGE-A STYLISTIC STUDY OF DIPLOMATIC ENGLISH3

1.Diplomacy and Diplomatic Language3

1.1Linguistic Guide to the Study of Diplomatic Language3

1.2 Definition of‘Diplomacy’ and the Important Role Language Plays in Diplomacy8

1.3The Origin and Evolution of Modern Diplomacy and Its Cultural Background and the Evolution of Diplomatic Language10

1.3.1 The Origin of Diplomacy10

1.3.2 The Cultural Background of Modern Diplomacy11

1.3.3 The Evolution of Diplomacy and Diplomatic Language15

1.4Diplomatic Activities26

1.4.1 Functions of Diplomatic Activities26

1.4.2 Diplomatic Rules and Procedures29

1.5 Questions35

2.The Past and the Present of Diplomatic Language37

2.1Diplomatic Language37

2.2 Guarded Understatement37

2.3 Technical Terms in Diplomacy41

2.4The Actual Language Used in Diplomacy42

2.4.1 Latin44

2.4.2 French45

2.4.3 English47

2.5 Questions53

3.Main Features of Diplomatic Activities and Diplomatic Language54

3.1Main Features of Diplomatic Activities54

3.1.1 Conservativeness54

3.1.2 Formalism57

3.1.3 Rigid Hierarchy and Precedence60

3.1.4 Causes of the Above-mentioned Features63

3.2 Linguistic Analysis of Diplomatic Language66

3.3 Users of Diplomatic Language(dialect)66

3.4Uses of Diplomatic Language(register)70

3.4.1 Field of Discourse of Diplomatic Language71

3.4.2 Tenor of Discourse of Diplomatic Language72

3.4.3 Mode of Discourse(medium)of Diplomatic Language73

3.4.4 General Features of Diplomatic Language80

3.5 Trend of Diplomatic Language96

3.6 Questions100

4.Varieties of Diplomatic Language and Their Respective Linguistic Features102

4.1Functions of Language102

4.2 Classification of Diplomatic Language in Terms of Function103

4.3Varieties of Diplomatic Language and Their Respective Linguistic Features104

4.3.1 Conversation on Social Occasions(phatic function)105

4.3.2 Speeches or Talks on Diplomatic Occasions(conative,emotive and poetic functions)106

4.3.3 Diplomatic Documents concerning Protocol Matters(phatic and emotive functions)113

4.3.4 Diplomatic Documents for Publicity(conative function)118

4.3.5 Diplomatic Documents for Communication(referential function)120

4.3.6 Diplomatic Documents for Identification(referential function)124

4.3.7 Legal Diplomatic Documents(referential and metalinguistic functions)128

4.4 Questions137

5.Conclusion139

PART TWOSELECTED READINGS IN DIPLOMATIC ENGLISH(CLASSIFIED IN TERMS OF FUNCTION)153

1.CONVERSATION ON SOCIAL OCCASIONS(phatic function,omitted)153

2.SPEECHES OR TALKS ON DIPLOMATIC OCCASIONS(conative,emotive and poetic functions)153

2.1Discussion on the Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina at Security Council(Dec.18,1997)153

2.2 Qian Qichen Talks about International Issues and China's Foreign Policies(March 12,1997)185

2.3 Towards a China-US Relationship for the 21st Century(April 29,1997)192

2.4 Speech by President Jiang Zemin at the White House State Dinner(October 29,1997)204

2.5 Remarks of President Clinton at Arrival Ceremony(October 29,1997)208

2.6 President Nixon's Toast at the Banquet Given by Premier Zhou Enlai(Feb.21,1972)209

2.7 President Nixon's Toast for Reciprocal Banquet(Feb.25,1972)214

2.8 Questions217

3.DIPLOMATIC DOCUMENTS CONCERNING MATTERS OF PROTOCOL(phatic and emotive functions)219

3.1Speech on Presentation of Credentials by Chinese Ambassador to India(Translation)219

3.2 Chinese Leader's Condolences on the Passing Away of Ohira(June 12,1980)221

3.3 To Express Sympathy over an Assassination Attempt(October 8,1959)222

3.4 Telegram of Thanks to President Clinton by President Jiang Zemin(November 3,1997)222

3.5 Questions224

4.DIPLOMATIC DOCUMENTS FOR PUBLICITY(conative function)225

4.1Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Complete prohibition and Thorough Destruction of Nuclear Weapons(Translation)(July 31,1963)225

4.2 Joint China-US Statement(October 29,1997)233

4.3 Joint Sino-French Declaration on the Establishment of a Comprehensive Partnership(May 16,1997)241

4.4 Announcement on President Nixon's Visit to China(January 15,1971)255

4.5 Joint Communiqué between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America(Issued in Shanghai,February 28,1972)256

4.6 Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America(January 1,1979)263

4.7 Foreign Ministry News Briefings(November 10,12,1998)264

4.8 Questions267

5.DIPLOMATIC DOCUMENTS FOR COMMUNICATION(referential function)269

5.1Formal Note to Notify the Arrival of a Chargéd'affaires a.i.(to dean of the diplomatic corps)(Translation)269

5.2 Verbal Note to Inform Another Embassy of the Establishment of an Embassy and the Designation of its Chargéd'affaires a.i.(Translation)270

5.3 Formal Diplomatic Letter to Invite a Leader for a Visit(Translation)271

5.4 Informal Diplomatic Letter to Request Assistance in Providing Facilities for Covering a Visit272

5.5 Personal Message from Prime Minister Nehru to Premier Zhou Enlai(September 14,1956)273

5.6 Letter from Premier Zhou Enlai to Prime Minister Nehru(October 19,1956)275

5.7 Memorandum Concerning a Protocol Reform(Translation)277

5.8 Telegram to Notify Decision to Establish Diplomatic Relations278

5.9 Questions279

6.DIPLOMATIC DOCUMENTS FOR IDENTIFICATION(referential function)281

6.1Sample of a Standard Passport of the United States of America281

6.2 Letter of Credence for Ambassador of Ceylon Accredited to China293

6.3Full Powers294

6.3.1 A Chinese Example(translation)294

6.3.2 A British Example295

6.3.3 An American Example297

6.4 Letter of Introduction(Translation)298

6.5 Letter of Appointment of a Consul-General298

6.6 Exequatur299

6.7 Questions299

7.LEGAL DIPLOMATIC DOCUMENTS301

7.1Treaty on European Union(Extracted)(Maastricht,February 1992)301

7.2 Sino-American Trade Agreement(July 7,1979)326

7.3 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Austria and the Government of the People's Republic of China Concerning Cooperation in Matters of Health(May 13,1998)335

7.4 Protocol on Economic Cooperation between China and Australia(September 22,1981)338

7.5 Charter of the United Nations(Abridged)(July 26,1945)342

7.6 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations(April 18,1961)359

7.7 Universal Declaration of Human Rights(adopted and proclaimed by UN General Assembly resolution 217 A(Ⅲ)of December 10,1948)384

7.8 Notes Exchanges between China and Japan on Japanese Loans to China(September 4,1997)394

7.9 Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Construction of the New Airport in Hong Kong and Related Questions(September 3,1991)401

7.10 Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities(September 8,1986)407

7.11 Notice to Military Attachés of Foreign Embassies in the People's Republic of China(August 1,1988)415

7.12 Power of Attorney,Certificate and Samples of Authentication422

7.13 Questions425