《种族、语言、文化 英文 4》求取 ⇩

RACE AND PROGRESS(1931)3

Composition of American population3

definition of race5

family lines composing races5

intermingling of races5

effect of environ-ment7

selective processes8

functional significance of bodily build8

variability of physiological functioning9

variability of mental functioning10

significance of intelligence tests11

influence of cul-ture and environment upon intelligence tests12

changes in emotional reaction of peoples13

social basis of race antagonism14

social groups as closed societies14

effect of stratification of society in social groups based on racial characteristics16

MODERN POPULATIONS OF AMERICA(1915)18

European immigrants,Mestizos and Mulattoes18

mixture in Anglo-Saxon and Latin-American countries19

characteristics of mixed races19

physical characteristics of half-blood Indians20

mental tests of Mulatto children21

continuity of Indian tradition21

continuity of African tradition22

Mendelian inheritance22

intermingling of European types23

intra-racial marriages25

inter-mingling of types in Europe25

changes of type of descendants of immigrants26

eugenics26

REPORT ON AN ANTHROPOMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES(1922)28

Intermingling in Europe28

intermingling of European types in the United States30

stability of agricultural communities30

migrations due to development of urban populations30

migrations in the United States31

inbreeding31

homogeneous and heterogeneous popula-tions32

meaning of the hereditary stability of a population33

effect of endogamy34

Mendelian inheritance34

influence of environment upon type35

influence of social habits upon typc37

influence of selection upon type38

selective mating38

selective effects of differ-ential mortality and fertility39

differential susceptibility to disease39

adaptability of human organism40

racial and individual differ-ences40

overlapping of variable types40

method of description of types41

variability of physical and psychological functions42

sig-nificance of types43

eugenics43

nature and nurture44

local types as phenotypes45

hereditary anomalies46

hereditary and congenital traits47

development of types during period of growth48

compari-son of European types and their American descendants49

influence of environment upon growth50

race mixture51

development of dentition52

continued observations during period of growth53

study of fraternities54

variability of mixed types55

interpretation of correlations56

differentiation between genetic and environmental influences58

CHANGES IN BODILY FORM OF DESCENDANTS OF IMMIGRANTS(1910-1913)60

Changes in head measurements and stature60

variability of chil-dren of dissimilar parents63

relation between size of family and stature of children63

decrease in width of face of children of immi-grants65

period of maturity66

darkening of hair with increasing-age66

changes in type of European urban populations69

effect of cradling upon head form69

effect of city life upon bodily form71

change in head form of Armenians74

NEW EVIDENCE IN REGARD TO THE INSTABILITY OF HUMAN TYPES(1916)76

Classification of European types76

permanence of local types77

effect of environment upon growth78

distribution of variability of head form in Italy78

head forms of Puerto Ricans80

INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT UPON GROWTH(1913)82

Comparison between bodily form of parents and children82

de-gree of similarity dependent upon length of the period in which environment can influence measurements83

THE TEMPO OF GROWTH OF FRATERNITIES(1935)86

Rate of growth of siblings is partly genetically determined89

CONDITIONS CONTROLLING THE TEMPO OF DEVEL-OPMENT AND DECAY(1935)89

Variability of moments when definite physiological changes in bodily development occur89

rate of development and decay dependent upon genetic and environmental causes90

observations on rats92

tempo of development partly genetically determined92

relation between period of development and of senescence93

REMARKS ON THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF CHILDREN(1912)94

General characteristics of curve of growth95

comparison of rate of growth of males and females96

chronological age and physiological age97

relation between physiological age and grading in schools98

influence of environment upon growth100

development of racial traits102

GROWTH(1892-1939,revised and condensed)103

Relation between mental and physical growth104

asymmetry of growth curve105

increase of variability during the period of most rapid growth106

retarded and accelerated growth106

comparison of growth of short and tall children108

effect of social environment upon growth108

tempo of development112

interrelation between various phases of physiological development113

difference in growth curves of males and females114

period of maximum rate of growth115

relative effect of hereditary stature and tempo of development120

change of type between 1909 and 1937121

increase in stature between 1905 and 1930122

comParison of growth ot general popula-tion and children in private schools123

influence of institutional life upon growth125

comparison of growth of various racial groups127

annual increments in stature of Negro and White girls128

STATISTICAL STUDY OF ANTHROPOMETRY(1902)131

Construction of ideal types131

analysis of population according to descent and environment132

acceleration and retardation of development133

effect of mixture of types upon correlations of measurements134

analysis of the concept of type135

THE HALF-BLOOD INDIAN(1894)138

Fertility of half-blood Indian138

stature of half-blood Indians140

growth of half-blood children142

breadth of face of Indians and half-bloods143

growth of breadth of face of Indians,half-bloods and Whites145

breadth of nose of Indians and half-bloods146

length of head of Indians and half-bloods148

REVIEW OF DR.PAUL EHRENREICH,"ANTHROPOLO-GISCHE STUDIEN UEBER DIE UREINWOHNER BRASILIENS"(1897)149

Races and types149

relation of race and language150

relative importance of morphological description and measurements150

rela-tion between individual and type151

sameness of type as a proof of common descent152

geographical considerations in the comparison of human typcs152

the position of the American race154

REVIEW OF WILLIAM Z.RIPLEY,"THE RACES OF EUROPE"(1899)155

The three principal types of Europe155

causes of the distribution of types155

explanation of distribution of types based upon these causes156

economic attractiveness of habitat regulating distribution of types156

mixture of types157

the position of the European race157

social selection158

value of cephalic index for classification158

value of cephalic index and pigmentation for classification of racial types159

REVIEW OF ROLAND B.DIXON,"THE RACIAL HIS-TORY OF MAN"(1923)160

Metrical values as a means of classification of racial types160

stability of cephalic index161

influence of domestication upon bodily form161

Mendelian inheritance161

the variability of metric values and the classification of tribes according to metric values162

dis-tribution of types determined by a few measurements compared with classification based on other traits163

race and culture164

SOME RECENT CRITICISM OF PHYSICAL ANTHRO-POLOGY (1899)165

pescription of human types largely based on skeletal material165

variability of types166

permanence of types within a race167

com-parison between parents and children167

the functions of measure-ments in description of types169

statistical methods170

homo-geneity and heterogeneity of series expressed in measurements170

reconstruction of prehistoric types171

THE RELATIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY(1936)172

Value of physical anthropology in reconstruction of history of local types172

relation between taxonomy and genetic relationship172

impossibility of reconstructing constituent types of a population173

definition of type173

the genetic lines constituting a population173

relation between bodily form and mental characteristics175

THE ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPOMETRICAL SERIES(1913)176

Average and variability as means for differentiating types of popula-tions176

types defined as variables177

difference between a con-stant and a variable177

statistical data purely descriptive,inter-pretation to be based on biological considerations179

genetic con-stitution of individuals of equal measurements not necessarily the same180

THE MEASUREMENT OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VARIABLE QUANTITIES(1922)181

The problem of defining differences between various types181

arbitrary character of classifications based on metric characteristics182

a variable population must be studied as a whole183

difference between types cannot be defined as arithmetical difference184

methods of measuring degree of dissimilarity184

the coefficient of correlation not a measure of similarity185

dissimilarity of popula-tions conceived as probability of recognizing an individual as belong-ing to his own group186

analysis of anthropometric series189

RACE AND CHARACTER(1932)191

A theoretical discussion proving that two correlated phenomena do not need to be causally related,and showing that the correlations between local types and their cultural traits are no proof of causal relationLANGUAGEINTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS(1917)199

Historical review199

methods of recording200

texts written by natives201

classification of American languages202

genetic rela-fionships202

mutual influences202

difficulties due to lack of knowl-edge of earlier stages of primitive languages204

studies of dialects205

phonetic processes205

value of American languages to general linguistics206

categories in American languages206

word and sentence in American languages208

literary styles208

types of literature in American languages209

native poetry210

THE CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN LANGUAGES(1920)211

Genetic classifications211

morphological similarities of apparently unrelated languages212

recent expansion of languages212

geo-graphical distribution of phonetic traits213

geographical distribution of morphological types213

geographical distributon of vocabularies214

relation between vocabulary and morphological character214

mutual influences of languages in primitive society215

problem of distribution of similar categories among apparently unrelated lan-guages215

CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES(1929)219

In how far may two primitive languages influence each other219

assimilation of phonetic character of a Sahaptin language by a Salish language219

change of syntax in American languages under foreign influences220

vocalic harmony in neighboring unrelated languages221

distribution of pronominal gender on the North Pacific Coast221

analogous phonetic changes in neighboring languages221

char-acteristics of demonstrative pronouns in neighboring languages223

comparison between Chukchee and Eskimo224

problem of mixed languages in Africa225

SOME TRAITS OF THE DAKOTA LANGUAGE(1937)226

Active and static verbs226

close association of ideas expressed by contraction226

misinterpretation of etymologies227

consonantic sound symbolism228

demonstrative pronoun in various American languages229

METAPHORICAL EXPRESSION IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE KWAKIUTL INDIANS(1929)232

CULTURE243

THE AIMS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH(1932)243

Beginnings of anthropology243

biological,psychological and cul-tural history of mankind244

biological history of mankind245

effects of domestication246

occurrence of parallel development246

relation between racial type and culture247

significance of archae-ological finds for interpreting the mental development of man248

lack of relation between physical type and cultural development249

interpretation of psychological tests250

methods of studying the history of culture250

diffusion of culture251

independent develop-ment of cultural traits252

unilinear development of culture254

dynamics of culture255

geographical determinism255

economic determinism256

laws of cultural development257

relations be-tween individual and culture258

SOME PROBLEMS OF METHODOLOGY IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES(1930)260

Social laws260

social life of animals261

general traits of human society261

their special forms262

similar forms due to con-vergent development263

race and culture265

geographical en-vironment and culture265

economic conditions and culture266

problem of general laws of integration of culture267

individual and culture268

THE LIMITATIONS OF THE COMPARATIVE METHOD OF ANTHROPOLOGY(1896)270

Psychological unity of mankind270

influence of geographic environment on culture272

elementary ideas272

convergent de-velopment of cultural forms273

historical development of culture275

methods of investigating history of culture276

dissemination of culture277

THE METHODS OF ETHNOLOGY(1920)281

Evolutionary and historical methods281

psychological versus historical explanation of parallel cultural phenomena282

classifica-tion interpreted as a historical sequence283

similarity of cultural traits ascribed to historical connections283

historical analysis of cultures283

dissemination of culture284

dynamics of culture285

stability of cultural traits286

analysis of similar cultural forms287

sequence of inventions287

development of rationalism288

psycho-analysis288

EVOLUTION OR DIFFUSION(1924)290

Classification of cultural forms interpreted as historical sequence290

methods of diffusion291

study of survivals292

development of family organization292

multiple origin of similar cultural traits293

REVIEW OF GRAEBNER,"METHODE DER ETHNOLO-GIE"(1911)295

Critique of sources295

investigation of purpose,meaning and sig-nificance of unique phenomena296

relations between tales and rituals296

convergence297

limited number of possible forms of certain cultural phenomena299

varied psychological causes for similar social phenomena299

incongruities in culture301

HISTORY AND SCIENCE IN ANTHROPOLOGY:A REPLY(1936)305

Definition of history305

structural relations between cultural phenomena306

relations between America and the Old World309

the use of statistics in ethnology309

methods of physical anthro-pology309

the uniqueness of cultural phenomena311

THE ETHNOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ESOTERIC DOCTRINES(1902)312

The inter-relation between esoteric and exoteric doctrines316

THEORIGIN OF TOTEMISM(1910)316

Ethnic phenomena and psychological laws317

apparent sameness of ethnic phenomena317

totemism318

definition of totemism319

supernatural relation of man to nature319

characterization of kin-ship groups320

totemism an expression of the combination of these two ideas320

characterization of social units320

recognition of kinship groups by kinship terminology320

cohesion of kinship group dependent upon terminology321

unilateral descent321

limitation of number of kinship lines in tribes with unilateral descent322

THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN RACE(1911)324

Man's appearance in America324

variety of types in America325

languages of America326

beginnings of agriculture in Central America327

basketry and pottery327

ceremonialism328

ad-vance of culture in Central America and South America328

relations between Northwestern America and Asia329

isolation of the extreme south of South America329

independence of American achievements from Old World achievements330

ETHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN CANADA(1910)331

The marginal tribes of America332

antiquity of the marginal areas333

the Iroquois tribes334

Algonquian tribes335

the Atha-pascan tribes335

the Salishan tribes336

the relation between America and Asia337

totemism of Northwest America339

theory of totemism340

cultural areas in Canada341

special problems of investigation342

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NORTH-WEST AMERICA AND NORTH-EAST ASIA(1933)344

Origin of man in the Old World344

the American race part of the Mongoloid race345

geological conditions in Bering Sea345

pos-fibility of migration across the Pacific Ocean346

attempts to prove relations between America,Melanesia and Australia346

cultivated plants of America and the Old World347

antiquity of man in America348

fundamental differences between America and the Old World350

circum-polar culture traits350

circum-polar rituals352

relations between North and South America352

languages of Siberia and America353

THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE KWAKIUTL(1920)356

Definition of tribe356

divisions of tribe357

changing composi-tion of tribes359

ranking positions360

privileges360

assignment of individual to tribal division360

preference for paternal line362

transfer of privileges362

marriage ceremonies365

officers365

relation of Kwakiutl society to that of neighboring tribes366

relation to matrilineal descent to northern tribes367

terminology of relation-ship368

form of totemism368

THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE TRIBES OF THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST(1924)370

Exogamy of northern tribes371

tendency to endogamy among the Bella Bella373

terminology of relationship of Bella Bella373

pref-erence for matrilineal descent373

village communities374

tend-ency to endogamy of the Bella Coola375

social organization of the Bella Bella376

THE GROWTH OF THE SECRET SOCIETIES OF THE KWAKIUTL(1896)379

Origin of the secret societies among the Kwakiutl379

relation be-tween membership in secret societies and family descent380

foreign tales associated with ritual381

relation of secret societies to war383

modern changes in ceremony383

THE RELATIONSHIP SYSTEM OF THE VANDAU(1922)384

Principles of classification384

terminology386

joking relation-ship392

respect relationship392

behavior among relatives392

marriage regulations394

psychological basis of avunculate395

THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOLK-TALES AND MYTHS(1916)397

Local characteristics of tales397

characteristics of plots399

dissemination of complex tales400

hero myths401

characterization of animals401

psychological connection between parts of complex myths402

supernatural elements in tales403

relationship between mythology and folk-tales405

imaginative character of incidents405

association of tales with phenomena of nature406

INTRODUCTION TO JAMES TEIT,"THE TRADITIONS OF THE THOMPSON INDIANS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA"(1898)407

Culture heroes407

development of concept of selfish transformer412

contests between transformers416

foreign elements in trans-former myths417

influence of social organization upon folk-tales422

interpretation of myths423

THE GROWTH OF INDIAN MYTHOLOGIES(1895)425

The Raven Tale426

geographical distribution of elements of tales427

relations of North-west Coast mythology to that of the Plains Indians428

continuity of distribution of similar tales430

linguistic proof of relationships of myths431

recent origin of tales of acquisi-tion of crests432

independent origin of ideas434

dissemination of ideas435

DISSEMINATION OF TALES AMONG THE NATIVES OF NORTH AMERICA(1891)437

Independent origin or dissemination437

distribution of the tale of the Dog-Children438

the Deluge legend439

story of the man who recovered his cye-sight441

relation of tales from the Atlantic and Pacific coasts442

the Star Husband442

the obstacle myth443

REVIEW OF G.W.LOCHER,"THE SERPENT IN KWA-KIUTL RELIGION:A STUDY IN PRIMITIVE CULTURE"(1933)446

Criticism of the attempt to find a systematic interpretation of my-thology451

MYTHOLOGY AND FOLK-TALES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS(1914)451

Review of published material451

translations and originals452

definitions of myth and folk-tale454

the mythical period455

history of tales456

origin of common traits of mythologies457

dissemina-tion of tales458

similarities of Melanesian and American tales461

tales common to Old and New World462

modern European tales in America462

mythological areas465

characteristic traits·of American folk-tales467

transformation tales characteristic of Amer-iea468

creation tales of California468

explanatory elements in folk-tales469

systematization of unconnected tales470

Trickster talcs472

identification of Trickster and Transformer474

folk-tales dealing with human society475

cultural setting475

mythical con-cepts and myths476

magical machinery477

characterization of mdi-viduals478

literary style479

folk-tales not based on observations of nature480

originality of tribes481

influence of priests in system-atization of mythology482

mythological concepts in folk-tales483

personification of nature484

animal tales485

novelistic character of tales485

identification of the heroes of talcs with the moon486

the nightmare as basis of mythological tales487

imaginative exag-geration a source of mythological concepts488

diverse origins of sacred numbers489

diverse origin of tales of the origin of death490

STYLISTIC ASPECTS OF PRIMITIVE LITERATURE(1925)491

Rhythmic repetition491

rhythmic character of formal prose492

rhythmic repetition in poetry494

the proverb495

ritual495

the animal tale495

epic poetry496

independence of literary form of racial descent496

reflections of cultural life in literature498

descriptions of nature500

metaphor500

diversity of style in the literature of a single tribe502

THE FOLK-LORE OF THE ESKIMO(1904)503

Origin stories504

anecdotes accounting for origin of animals506

absence of mythologlcal period507

complex animal stories borrowed from Indians508

animals as human beings510

hero tales510

conservatism of Eskimo exhibited in folk-lore511

retention of his-torical facts512

fabulous tribes512

tales of quarrels513

tales of shamans514

ROMANCE FOLK-LORE AMONG AMERICAN INDIANS(1925)517

French tales517

Portuguese and Spanish tales518

relations between Negro,Spanish and Portuguesc tales519

relation to Philippine tales521

integration of tales of romance origin in Indian tales522

Biblical tales523

SOME PROBLEMS IN NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOL OGY(1902)525

Relation between archaeology and ethnological problems525

ar-chaeology of southern British Columbia as evidence of migrations528

the distribution of pottery in North-west America529

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE VAL-LEY OF MEXICO BY THE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,1911-12(1912)530

Evidence of sequence of cultures in the valley of Mexico535

REPRESENTATIVE ART OF PRIMITIVE PEOPLE(1916)535

Relation between virtuosity and geometric design535

relation be-tween virtuosity and representative art536

problem of representing three-dimensional objects on a surface537

methods of presenting human form538

symbolic representations538

REVIEW OF MACCURDY,"STUDY OF CHIRIQUIAN ANTIQUITIES"(1911)541

Classification of forms misinterpreted as historical sequence541

explanation of decorative motifs as derived from the armadillo542

decorative motifs derived from alligator544

THE DECORATIVE ART OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS(1903)546

Theories of the development of decorative design546

decorative style of ceremonial objects and articles employed for everyday use547

origin and interpretation of geometric decoration553

relation of art of the Plains Indians to that of the Pueblos558

lack of agreement between style of interpretation and that of form560

DECORATIVE DESIGNS OF ALASKAN NEEDLECASES:A STUDY IN THE HISTORY OF CONVENTIONAL DESIGNS,BASED ON MATERIALS IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM(1908)564

Theories of origin of ornament564

significance of Alaskan needle-cases for theoretical discussions565

general characteristics of form in ornamentation566

characteristic Eskimo motifs569

their orna-ments in tattooing570

their distribution in Eastern Asia570

needle-eases from Eastern Arctic America571

antiquity of design573

modifications of geometric designs576

addition of representative forms577

transformation of flanges into animal forms579

further development of animal designs581

further modifications of form583

modification of formal elements suggesting animal forms588

series beginning with simple forms and ending with complex forms do not necessarily represent historical development589

style only partly dependent upon technique589

virtuosity and style591

interpreta-tion of geometric designs592

THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ESKIMO OF EAST GREENLAND(t909)593

The distribution of forms suggests migration of the Eskimo by way of north Greenland to the east coast of GreenlandTHE IDEA OF THE FUTURE LIFE AMONG PRIMITIVE TRIBES(1922)596

Evolutionary theories596

Tylor's theory of multiple souls597

qualities conceived as concrete objects598

sin as a concrete object599

life599

memory image600

length of existence of the soul does not coincide with the span of life601

pre-existence601

immortality601

characteristics of the memory image602

ghosts603

the abode of the soul604

conditions of soul after death605

THE CONCEPT OF SOUL AMONG THE VANDAU(1920)608

RELIGIOUS TERMINOLPGY OF THE KWAKIUTL(1927)612

The supernatural612

the profane614

supernatural beings614

ghosts615

the soul615

purification616

taboos617

MlSCELLANEOUS621

ADVANCES IN METHODS OF TEACHING(1898)621

Scope of anthropology621

anthropology in the university curriculum622

anthropometry623

linguistics623

archaeology624

relation to sociology624

relation to other sciences624

THE AIMS OF ETHNOLOGY(1888)626

Early descriptions of primitive people626

history of culture628

dissemination of culture628

distribution of human types629

history and distribution of languages630

conservatism in culture632

relation of primitive culture to modern civilization633

laws of development of culture634

history of the family635

knowledge of foreign cultures necessary for understanding of our own culture636

independent origin of similar cultural traits636

relation of anthro-pology to other sciences638

THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY(1887)639

Geography a descriptive science639

relation to geology,meteor-ology,biology and ethnology,640

conflicting views of naturalists and historians treating geographical subjects641

conflict between interest in generalization and in understanding phenomena as such641

logical and aesthetic interests involved643

in geography the center of interest is the geographical phenomenon as a whole643