《Petrography and Petrology》

PART ⅠINTRODUCTION1

Nature of Criteria1

General Geology of Rocks3

Classification of Rocks4

Petrographic Methods and Minerals8

Prerequisite Methods8

Common Minerals9

Petrographic Problems11

1. To sample a rock outcrop11

2. To make a thin section12

3. To make a mechanical analysis of loose grains13

4. To separate the minerals of a rock powder14

5. To test a rock for minerals that give a silica jelly16

6. To make a chemical analysis of a rock17

7. To estimate the analysis of a rock by a microscopic examination17

8. Petrographic calculations18

9. To diagram the nature of rocks21

10. To illustrate a rock description22

11. To write a rock description22

Interpretative Petrography28

12. To interpret textures, mineral grouping and all the microscopic features of a rock in terms of rock history28

Allied Methods and Applications28

PART ⅡTHE PETROGRAPHY OF IGNEOUS ROCKS29

Field Schedule for Examining Igneous Rocks29

Main Minerals of Igneous Rocks30

Forms, Structures and Textures of Igneous Rocks31

Structures31

Textures40

Order of Crystallization44

Distinguishable Stages of Magmatic Action44

Development of the Classification of Igneous Rocks45

Nomenclature of Igneous Rocks49

Textural, Mineralogic and Special Varieties in the Several Clans52

Rhyolite-granite Clan53

Pegmatites and Aplites69

Trachite-syenite Clan73

Phonolite-nephelite syenite Clan79

Latite-monzonite Clan83

Andesite-diorite Clan85

Basalt-gabbro Clan90

Nephelinite-ijolite-missouritc Clan105

Perknite Clan106

Peridotite Clan108

Ores109

Meteorites111

Summaries of Certain Igneous Rocks113

The Glasses113

Volcanic Tuffs116

Igneous Breccias118

Abundance and Occurrence of Rock Types120

Dike Rocks in Classification121

Specific Gravities of Igneous Rocks125

Mineral Proportions in Igneous Clans125

Chemical Composition of Igneous Rocks126

Importance of Alkalies in Igneous Rocks128

Igneous Rock Series130

Historical Geology of Igneous Rocks138

Alterations of Igneous Rocks139

Economic Materials Related to Igneous Rocks140

PART ⅢTHE PETROLOGY OF IGNEOUS ROCKS143

Nature of Igneous Magma143

Generation of Magma143

Magmatic Heat144

Data and Theory as to the Inside of the Earth and Its Relation to Magmas148

Data Much Used in Petrologic Calculation148

Sources of Magma149

Geothermal Gradient149

Fusibilities and Fusion-pressure Curves152

Densities, Pressures and Compressibilities157

Strengths of Rocks163

Structures Indicating Deep Conditions172

Deeper Parts and Sources of Batholiths174

The Case for Zones or Shells in the Earth?178

Is There a Magma Zone in the Earth182

Summary of the Relation of Magmas to the Interior of the Earth184

Important Factors in Magma Generation187

Subcrustal Fusion and Fusion in the Crust187

Nature of "Primary Magma"190

Motion of Magmas193

Causes of Motion; the Forces Involved193

Modifying Factors195

How Magmas Move199

Cycles of Igneous Action207

The Moon's Igneous Rocks207

Physical Chemistry of Magmas208

States of Matter in Magmas and Related to Magmas208

Magmas Are Fundamentally Liquids209

Magmas Dissolve Gases210

Separation of Gases from Magmas213

Nature of Magmatic Emanations216

Sequence of Emanations220

Gases and Pegmatites220

Magmas Dissolve Liquids222

Magmas Dissolve Solids224

Assimilation225

Formations of Solids from Magma Liquids231

Equilibrium Diagrams234

The Reaction Principle242

Crystallization Stages in the Evolution of Magma245

Order of Crystallization246

Textures and the Equilibrium Diagrams247

Explanations for Rock Series248

Broad Provinces of the Earth as Series248

Explanations for Rock Series in Local Units248

Generation and Mixing248

Assimilation249

Differentiation249

Probability of Complex Origin of Series252

Conditions Favoring Differentiation253

Crystallization-differentiation and Special Cases254

Problems in Differentiation257

Recent Contributions and Summary258

PART ⅣTHE PETROGRAPHY OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS260

General Features260

Relative Abundance of Sediments262

Methods for Sedimentary Petrography262

Classification of Sediments266

Sizes of Grain in Sediments268

Clays and Shales268

Sands and Other Mechanical Sediments (Not Clay and Limestone) _274

Limestones286

Miscellaneous Sedimentary Rocks202

Bedded Precipitates and Evaporites (Other Than Limestone)292

Concretions, O?lites, Nodules, Stalactites, Etc294

Veins204

Replacements295

Residual Rocks297

Organic Remains (Not Limestone)297

Mixed Sedimentary Rocks300

Summaries of Sediments301

Porosity and Specific Gravity301

Color of Sediments301

Composition302

Historical Geology of Sediments302

Mineral Association in Sediments303

Economic Materials and Sedimentary Rocks303

PART ⅤTHE PETROLOGY OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS305

Sources of Materials305

Weathering305

Transportation of Sediments312

Mechanical Transportation312

Transportation in Solution317

Deposition of Sediments317

Mechanical Deposition317

Organic Deposition325

Chemical Deposition332

Equilibrium of Constituents in Sedimentation336

Diagenesis and Other Changes in Sediments336

Alternative Origins of Some Mineralogic Types of Sediments341

Sequences and Cycles of Sedimentation342

Interpretative Petrography of Sediments348

PART ⅥTHE PETROGRAPHY OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS350

General Features350

Methods for Metamorphic Petrography350

Metamorphic Structures and Textures351

Minerals of Metamorphic Rocks356

The Crvstalloblastic Series356

Classification of Metamorphic Rocks357

Gneisses358

Schists362

Argillites and Slates365

Quartzites366

Metamorphic Carbonate Rocks and Carbonate-silicate Rocks36

Contact Rocks370

Hydrothermal Rocks372

Weathered Rocks372

Summaries of Metamorphic Features372

Density and Composition372

Economic Interest in Metamorphic Rocks374

PART ⅦTHE PETROLOGY OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS375

General Features375

Evidences of Deformation376

Where and How Rocks Are Deformed378

Factors of Metamorphism379

Heat379

Pressures380

Chemical Affinity382

Crystal Forces382

Water383

Magma385

Gases386

Nature of the Rock386

Time387

Summary387

Structure and Growth of Crystals388

Strength of Crystalline Rocks389

Modes of Crystal Yielding390

Equilibrium391

Heat and Its Reaction Effects394

Concentration Reactions396

Pressure Reactions397

Processes of Metamorphism400

Rock Flowage401

Recrystallization404

Granulation412

Other Metamorphic Processes413

Plastic Deformation413

Introduction413

Subtraction414

Metasomatism or Replacement415

Convergence to Type in Metamorphism420

Kinds of Metamorphism421

Contact Metamorphism421

Regional Metamorphism424

Hydrothermal Metamorphism424

Summary of Common Metamorphic Changes427

Origin of a Metamorphic Rock431

Degrees of Metamorphism and Zones432

Metamorphic Zones around Igneous Intrusives433

Zones Related to Depth434

Zones of Hydrothermal Effects434

Cycles of Metamorphism434

General Features434

Normal Sequences of Geologic Events in Metamorphism437

Criteria of General Significance440

PART ⅧMINERAL TABLES AND READINGS443

Tables of Rock-forming Minerals443

Selected Readings479

INDEX505