《Economic Mineral Deposits》

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PART Ⅰ. PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES1

1. Introduction1

2. Brief History of the Use of Minerals and of the Development of Economic Geology5

3. Materials of Mineral Deposits and Their Formation18

Materials19

Formation of Minerals27

Stability of Minerals35

Geologic Thermometers36

4. Magmas,Rocks,and Mineral Deposits45

Magmas and Differentiation46

Emanations56

Magmas and Mineral Deposits60

5. Processes of Formation of Mineral Deposits68

5.1 Magmatic Concentration70

5.2 Sublimation82

5.3 Contact Metasomatism82

5.4 Hydrothermal Processes94

Cavity Filling107

Replacement137

5.5 Sedimentation163

5.6 Evaporation183

5.7 Residual and Mechanical Concentration201

Residual Concentration204

Mechanical Concentration227

5.8 Oxidation and Supergene Enrichment245

5.9 Metamorphism289

5.10 Summary of Origin of Mineral Deposits300

6. Controls of Mineral Localization303

Structural Controls303

Stratigraphic305

Physical and Chemical307

Igneous Rocks309

Zonal Distribution314

Metallogenetic Epochs and Provinces316

7. Folding and Faulting of Mineral Deposits327

Folding327

Faulting333

8. Classifications of Mineral Deposits355

9. Resources,International Relations,and Conservation in Minerals366

10. Geophysical Prospecting,Exploration,Development,and Valuation of Mineral Properties376

Areal376

Geophysical377

Exploration and Development393

11. Extraction of Metals and Minerals398

Mining398

Milling410

Smelting414

Refining414

PART Ⅱ. METALLIC MINERAL DEPOSITS419

12. The Precious Metals419

Gold419

Silver454

Platinum475

13. The Nonferrous Metals481

Copper481

Lead and Zinc527

Tin546

Aluminum553

14. Iron and Ferroalloy Metals561

Iron561

Manganese578

Nickel586

Chromium591

Molybdenum595

Tungsten598

Vanadium603

Cobalt606

15. Minor Metals and Related Nonmetals607

Antimony607

Arsenic609

Beryllium610

Bismuth611

Cadmium612

Magnesium613

Mercury614

Radium and Uranium619

Selenium and Tellurium621

Tantalum and Columbium622

Titanium623

Zirconium626

Miscellaneous627

PART Ⅲ. NONMETALLIC MINERAL DEPOSITS631

Classification of Nonmetallic Minerals631

16. The Mineral Fuels634

Coal634

Petroleum and Gas652

Associates693

17. Ceramic Materials696

Clay696

Feldspar706

Others708

18. Structural and Building Materials711

Building,Roofing and Crushed Stone711

Hydraulic Cements717

Sand and Gravel719

Gypsum720

Lime722

Magnesite723

Mineral Pigments726

Heat and Sound Insulators729

Asphalt and Native Bitumens732

19. Metallurgical and Refractory Materials734

Fluorspar734

Cryolite738

Graphite738

Refractories742

Foundry Sands747

Limestone and Lime747

Others748

20. Industrial and Manufacturing Materials749

Asbestos749

Mica756

Talc758

Barite and Witherite761

Glass Sands763

Mineral Fillers765

Mineral Filters766

Fuller's Earth or Bleaching Clay768

Optical Crystals773

21. Chemical Minerals776

Salt and Brines776

Borax and Borates780

Sodium Compounds783

Calcium and Magnesium Chloride785

Bromine and Iodine786

Potash787

Sulphur788

Nitrates and Nitrogen793

Lithium794

Strontium795

Miscellaneous796

22. Fertilizer Minerals800

Potash801

Nitrates809

Phosphates812

Limestone and Lime818

Sulphur819

23. Abrasives and Abrasive Minerals821

Diamonds822

Corundum824

Emery825

Garnet826

Natural Silica827

Miscellaneous831

Manufactured832

24. Gemstones834

Diamond837

Ruby and Sapphire847

Emerald and Beryl848

Opal849

Jade850

Quartz Gemstones851

Others852

25. Ground-Water Supplies855

Principles855

Supplies864

Ground-Water Areas868

GENERAL REFERENCES ON ECONOMIC GEOLOGY874

INDEX877