《Structural Petrology of Deformed Rocks》

Part Ⅰ Petrofabric and Experimental Facts1

1 Introduction1

Types of fabric1

Types of orientation3

The tectonite and related concepts4

Symmetry7

2 Orientation patterns of minerals8

Quartz8

Mica19

Antigorite22

Stilpnomelane22

Calcite24

Dolomite28

Gypsum30

Anhydrite30

Olivine33

Eeldspar37

Hornblende38

Pyroxene38

Fluorite38

Halite38

Comparison of recrystallized and unrecrystallized tectonites38

Relation of recrystallized and neocrystallized tectonites39

Orientation of different minerals in the same tectonite42

3 Orientation of composite elements48

Premetamorphic elements48

Metamorphic elements52

4 Orientation related to s-surfaces58

Unruptured s-surfaces58

Ruptured s-surfaces (fractures)65

5 Relation of folds to grain orientation71

6 Experimental deformation77

Introduction77

Types of deformation79

7 Reversible flow and rupture88

Elastic deformation88

Rupture and cataclasis89

8 Irreversible flow and recrystallization96

Gliding flow96

Annealing recrystallization108

Pseudoviscous flow (load recrystallization)112

Part Ⅱ Interpretation and Application117

9 Development of quartz orientation117

Fracture hypothesis117

Translation hypothesis based on lamellae124

Translation hypothesis independent of lamellae131

Other hypotheses of lattice orientation132

Dimensional orientation133

Conclusion138

10 Development of orientation in minerals other than quartz134

Calcite134

Dolomite138

Mica141

Quartz-mica-carbonate orientation relations144

Olivine145

Plagioclase and hornblende149

Halite149

11 Development of s-surfaces150

Unruptured s-surfaces150

Microfractures154

12 Rotation and relative movement158

Evidence from fabric elements158

Evidence from s-surfaces160

13 Recrystallization in tectonites163

Correlation of analytic and experimental data163

Recrystallization in foliated rocks165

Theoretical aspects of recrystallization166

Recrystallization and neocrystallization170

14 Folds and folding172

Classification172

Interpretation175

Age relations of flexure folds to intersecting lineations179

15 Applications of petrofabric analysis181

Areal geology181

Miscellaneous applications195

16 Hypotheses of rock flowage198

Solid flow198

Fluid flow212

17 Tectonic transport215

Restricted transport215

Unrestricted transport218

Relation of fold axes to direction of transport222

Relation of elongate elements to direction of transport223

Relation of tension fractures to direction of transport229

Relation of crossed girdles to direction of transport230

Relation of tectonic transport to grain orientation in igneous rocks231

18 Remarks on foliation and lineation235

Development of ideas concerning foliation and lineation235

Axial-plane foliation288

Part Ⅲ Methods and Analytic Procedures241

19 Field and hand specimen procedure241

Selection and marking of material241

Field measurements242

Orientation of hand specimens247

Preparation of material for analysis248

20 Microscope and x-ray procedure252

Examination in ordinary light252

Examination with the petrographic microscope (without the universal stage)253

Universal stage procedures257

X-ray methods270

21 Presentation of data275

Projection of optical data275

Preparation of density diagrams285

Sources of error291

Projection of x-ray data292

22 Statistical analysis of two-dimensional fabric diagrams297

23 Statistical analysis of three-dimensional fabric diagrams308

Bibliography327

Index337