《The Principles of Petrology》

CHAPTER Ⅰ INTRODUCTION1

The Science of Petrology1

The Earth Zones2

The Barysphere2

Com position of the Earth Shells3

Chemical Composition of the Crust5

Rocks and their Composition7

The Rock-forming Minerals7

The Classification of Rocks10

PART ⅠTHE IGNEOUS ROCKS13

CHAPTER ⅡFORMS AND STRUCTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS13

Introduction13

Forms of Igneous Rocks14

Lava Flows14

Intrusions and Their Relations to Geological Structure15

Forms in Unfolded Regions17

Sills17

Laccoliths19

Lopoliths20

Dykes21

Ring-dykes and Cone-sheets23

Volcanic Necks26

Forms in Folded Regions26

Phaco-liths27

Chonoliths27

Batholiths28

Multiple Intrusions31

Composite In-trusions31

Differentiated Intrusions33

Structures of Igneous Rocks33

Structure and Texture33

Vesicular and Amygdaloidal Structure34

Block Lava and Ropy Lava34

Pillow Structure37

Flow Structure39

Jointing，Sheet, and Platy Structures39

Columnar and Prismatic Structures41

Rift and Grain42

CHAPTER Ⅲ COMPOSITION AND CONSTITUTION OF MAGMAS46

The Magma46

Composition of Magmas46

The Pyrogenetic Minerals47

The Physico-chemical Constitution of Magmas50

Primary Magmas53

CHAPTER ⅣTHE FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS57

Glass and Crystals57

Crystallisation of a Unicomponent Magma57

Grain of Igneous Rocks59

Formation of Glass60

Crystallisation of Binary Magmas61

Eutectics63

Mixed Crystals64

Crystallisation of Ternary Magmas73

Crystallisation of some Ternary Systems73

The Reaction Relation76

CHAPTER ⅤTEXTURES AND MICROSTRUCTURES79

Definition and Description79

Crystallinity79

The Beginnings of Crystal-lisation.Crystallites and Microlites81

Devitrification82

Granularity83

Shapes of Crystals83

Mutual Relations of Crystals85

Equigranular Textures85

Inequigranular Textures86

Porphyritic Texture86

Poiki-litic Texture89

Directive Textures90

Intergrowth Textures92

Reaction Structures93

Xenolithic Structures94

Orbicular Structure96

Spheru-litic Structure96

Fracture Forms99

CHAPTER Ⅵ CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS101

Bases of Classification101

The Factor of Chemical Composition102

The Factor of Mineral Composition104

The Factor of Geological Occur-rence and Texture106

Tabular Classification107

Nomenclature109

Granite, Granodiorite, and Diorite110

Syenite, Nepheline-syenite, and Related Alkaline Rocks114

Gabbro, Anorthosite, and Peridotite117

Dolerite and Lamprophyre120

Rhyolite and Dacite122

Trachyte and Phonolite123

Andesite and Basalt125

CHAPTER Ⅶ THE DISTRIBUTION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS IN SPACE AND TIME132

Consanguinity132

The Diagrammatic Representation of Igneous Rock Series132

Kindreds of Igneous Rocks136

Petrographic Provinces and Periods141

Igneous Action and Earth Movements143

Time Sequences in Igneous Rocks145

CHAPTER Ⅷ THE ORIGIN OF IGNEOUS ROCKS148

Variations in Igneous Rocks148

Evidences of Differentiation.Variation within a Single Rock Body148

Theories of Differentiation150

Differen-tiation by Liquid Immiscibility152

Differentiation by Crystallisation153

Gravitational Differentiation156

Filtration Differentiation158

The R?le of Volatile Constituents in Differentiation159

Pegmatite and Aplite162

Assimilation and Hybrid Rocks163

Origin of Alkaline Rocks167

PART Ⅱ THE SECONDARY ROCKS171

CHAPTER ⅨINTRODUCTION171

General171

The Breaking-down of the Rocks171

Decomposition of Rocks172

Disintegration of Rocks175

Transport177

Deposition178

Classification of the Secondary Rocks179

CHAPTER ⅩTHE RESIDUAL DEPOSITS181

Residual Deposits in General181

Terra Rossa182

Clay-with-Flints182

Laterite and Bauxite182

Soils184

CHAPTER ⅪSEDIMENTARY ROCKS : MINERALOGICAL, TEXTURAL, AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS 187

Mineral Composition187

Grain Size189

Heavy Minerals in Sands and Sand-stones191

Shape and Rounding of Grains193

Cohesion195

Stratification196

Minor Structures and Markings200

CHAPTER Ⅻ SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.DESCRIPTIVE203

Classification203

Rudaceous Rocks : Breccias and Conglomerates204

Aren-aceous Rocks: Sands and Sandstones208

Silt and Siltstone210

Argill-aceous Rocks : Clays and Shales212

CHAPTER ⅩⅢDEPOSITS OF CHEMICAL ORIGIN217

Chemical Deposits in General217

Concretions218

Secretions218

Colloids219

Siliceous Deposits223

Carbonate Deposits225

Ferruginous Deposits229

Salts230

CHAPTER ⅪⅤDEPOSITS OF ORGANIC ORIGIN234

Organic Deposits in General234

Organic Rocks of Calcareous Composi-tion : The Limestones235

Phosphatic Deposits of Organic Origin239

Siliceous Deposits of Organic Origin242

Carbonaceous Deposits : Peat and Coal243

PART ⅢTHE METAMORPHIC ROCKS251

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ METAMORPHISM251

General Character of Metamorphism251

Agents of Metamorphism252

Kinds of Metamorphism253

Facies and Grades of Metamorphism257

CHAPTER ⅩⅥMETAMORPHIC MINERALS, PROCESSES, AND STRUCTURES260

Influence of Original Composition260

Influence of Heat and Uniform Pressure263

Influence of Directed Pressure265

Textures and Struc-tures in Metamorphic Rocks266

Shapes of Metamorphic Minerals267

Growth and Mutual Relations of Minerals in Metamorphic Rocks269

Structures of Metamorphic Rocks270

Classification and Nomen-clature of Metamorphic Rocks275

CHAPTER ⅩⅦ CATACLASTIC METAMORPHISM AND ITS PRODUCTS281

Cataclastic Metamorphism in General281

Slates and Slaty Cleavagt283

Crush-breccia and Cataclasite284

Flaser Rocks and Mylonite286

CHAPTER ⅩⅧTHERMAL METAMORPHISM AND ITS PRODUCTS289

Thermal Metamorphism in General289

Thermal Metamorphism of Clay Rocks290

Contact Metamorphism of Clay Rocks294

Pyrometamorphism of Clay Rocks296

Thermal Metamorphism of Limestones297

Thermal Metamorphism of Arenaceous Rocks300

Thermal Metamorphism of Basic Lavas and Tuffs300

CHAPTER ⅩⅨDYNAMOTHERMAL METAMORPHISM AND ITS PRODUCTS303

Dynamothermal Metamorphism in General303

Dynamothermal Meta-morphism of Argillaceous Rocks305

Dynamothermal Metamorphism of Quartzo-Felspathic Rocks307

Dynamothermal Metamorphism of Basic Igneous Rocks and Tuffs310

CHAPTER ⅩⅩPLUTONIC METAMORPHISM AND ITS PRODUCTS313

Plutonic Metamorphism in General313

Granulite, Leptynite, Leptite314

Pyroxene-gneiss, Pyroxene-granulite, and the Charnockite Series-Eclogite and Garnet-amphibolite316

CHAPTER ⅩⅪMETASOMATISM AND ADDITIVE PROCESSES OF METAMORPHISM321

Metasomatism321

Metasomatic Processes322

Pneumatolytic Metamorphism324

Injection Metamorphism and Autometamorphism326

Lit-par-lit Gneiss, Composite Gneiss, Anatexis and Palingenesis331