《NEIGHBORHOOD LAW FIRMS FOR THE POOR:A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LEGAL AID AND IN T》求取 ⇩

Part One The "Unmet Need" for Legal Services: Justifying Neighborhood Law Firms1

Chapter 1. Studies of Legal Needs and the Justification for Neighborhood Law Firms3

Ⅰ. From Equal Opportunity to Legal Need3

Ⅱ. The Legal Needs of the Poor: A Diagnosis and a Remedy4

Ⅲ. Another Diagnosis and an Expanded Cure8

Ⅳ. Some Problems with the Technical Solution9

Part Two The Establishment and Growth of Neighborhood Law Firms for the Poor: A Comparative Survey15

Chapter 2. The United States17

Ⅰ. Origins of the Neighborhood Law Firm Movement17

A. The U.S. Legal Aid Movement17

B. Legal Reform Through the Courts20

C. Legal Strategies and the Emergence of the War on Poverty21

D. The Role of the Bar in the Establishment and Early Operation of the OEO Legal Services Program26

Ⅱ. The OEO Legal Services Program is Implemented30

A. The NLF Model and the Expansion of the Program30

B. NLFs, Local Bars, and Governing Boards31

C. The OEO Legal Services Program, the National Bar, and Federal and State Governments36

D. The Legal Services Program—The Struggle for Independence38

Ⅲ. The Legal Services Corporation43

A. The Legal Services Corporation Act of 197443

B. Implementing the Legal Services Corporation Act45

Chapter 3. England and Wales52

Ⅰ. Origins of the NLF Idea in England and the Early Role of the Law Society53

Ⅱ. The North Kensington Neighbourhood Law Centre57

Ⅲ. The NLF Movement Expands and Gains Support61

Ⅳ. Implementing the NLF Model64

A. The Adoption of a Social Change Orientation64

B. Law Centers and Management Committees67

C. Law Centers' Relations with Local Government69

D. Law Centers' Relations with Local Solicitors70

E. Relations among Law Centers, the National Law Society, and the Lord Chancellor's Office—The Waivers Controversy72

F. Law Centers' Recurring Funding Difficulties76

Ⅴ. The Royal Commission on Legal Services: Unresolved Issues and the Future of Legal Aid in England and Wales77

Chapter 4. Canada85

Ⅰ. The Canadian Debate—Judicare vs. Decentralized Staff Legal Aid Systems85

Ⅱ. The Canadian Compromise—Provincial Reform and the NLF Model87

A. Nova Scotia88

B. Manitoba89

C. Quebec91

D. Saskatchewan93

E. British Columbia95

F. Ontario99

G. Alberta101

H. Newfoundland101

Ⅲ. Conclusion101

Chapter 5. Australia105

Ⅰ. Background to the Australian Legal Aid Office105

Ⅱ. The ALAO is Established107

Ⅲ. The ALAO and the Legal Profession108

Ⅳ. Efforts to Provide a Wider Range of NLF Services and a Statutory Basis for the Staff System109

A. The Legal Aid Review Committee110

B. The Commission of Inquiry into Poverty110

C. The Legal Aid Bill of 1975111

Ⅴ. The ALAO and State Legal Aid after the Fall of the Labour Government113

A. The Fate of the ALAO113

B. Reform at the State Level113

Ⅵ. Conclusion115

Chapter 6. The Netherlands, Belgium, and Norway118

Ⅰ. The Netherlands118

A. The "Law Shop" Movement and the Challenge to Judicare119

B. The Organized Bar's Response and a New Challenge121

C. The Current Situation and Future Prospects123

Ⅱ. Belgium125

Ⅲ. Norway127

Chapter 7. The Emergence and Development of the Neighborhood Law Firm as an Institution: A Comparative Conclusion130

Ⅰ. The Prime Movers131

Ⅱ. The Policy Makers133

Ⅲ . The Organized Bar and NLFs135

A. The Financial Interests of the Profession and Judicare136

B. The Bar and the Control of NLFs137

C. The Bar and NLF Activities138

D. The Importance of the Profession's Image139

Ⅳ. The Continuing NLF Movement140

Part Three The Strategies and Methods of Neighborhood Law Firms143

Chapter 8. Individual Services: Meeting the Legal Needs of the Poor145

Ⅰ. The Importance of Individual Casework145

Ⅱ. Eligibility Requirements and the Needs of the Poor146

Ⅲ. How the Need is Met in Practice: NLFs vs. Judicare (or Charitable) Legal Aid Systems147

Ⅳ. Approaches to Utilizing NLFs for Individual Cases159

A. The NLF Model by Itself159

B. Combining NLFs and Judicare160

C. Beyond Combining NLFs and Judicare—Meeting Legal Needs Without Lawyers162

Ⅴ. Going Beyond Individual Needs166

Chapter 9. Strategies for Helping the Poor as a Class—Meeting the Collective Needs of the Poor171

Ⅰ. Law Reform172

A. The Place of Law Reform in the NLF Movement172

B. Law Reform in the United States173

1. The Methods of Law Reform174

2. The Results of the Law Reform Strategy175

C. Law Reform in a Broader Perspective177

Ⅱ. Organizing and Aiding Community Groups179

A. Group Representation and Organization in the NLF Movement179

B. The Methods of Serving Groups184

1. Eligibility Standards for Groups184

2. The Importance of Paralegals as Community Workers184

3. Kinds of Group Work187

C. Problems with Group Work190

D. The Need for Group Work193

Ⅲ. Community Education194

A. Community Education in the United States and England195

B. The Purposes of Community Education196

C. The Need for Community Education197

Ⅳ. The Value of the Social Change Strategies198

Chapter 10. The Involvement of the Poor in NLF Policy Making at the Local Level203

Ⅰ. Methods for Providing for the Formal Participation of the Poor203

A. National or Provincial Control, Aided by Local Advisory Boards: Manitoba204

B. Regional Control, Aided by Local Advisory Boards:Quebec205

C. Local Control by Attorneys, Aided Sometimes by Local Advisory Boards: The United States206

D. Local Control by Predominantly Lay Boards:Saskatchewan and England209

Ⅱ. Community Participation and Control and the "Social Change" Strategies of NLFs212

Chapter 11. Types of Neighborhood Law Firms218

Ⅰ. The Legal Needs Model218

Ⅱ. The Professional Model219

Ⅲ. The Therapeutic Model220

Ⅳ. The Community Control Model221

Ⅴ. The Social-Reform-through-Groups Model221

Part Four Conclusion227

Chapter 12. Neighborhood Law Firms, the Legal Needs of the Poor, and Social Change228

Ⅰ. The Changing Professional Role of Lawyers228

Ⅱ. The Legal Profession as a Force for Social Change231

Ⅲ. Preserving and Extending the Best Qualities of NLFs232

Bibliography235

Index253

About the author259