《BROADCASTING LAW A COMPARATIVE STUDY》

Ⅰ.THE HISTORICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND1

1. Introduction1

2. Why Regulate Broadcasting?3

3. Five Legal Systems10

（ⅰ）Great Britain10

（ⅱ）France13

（ⅲ）Germany19

（ⅳ）Italy24

（ⅴ）United States of America28

Ⅱ.BROADCASTING FREEDOM32

1. Broadcasting and Freedom of Speech32

2. Freedom from State Control34

3. Individual and Institutional Freedom40

（ⅰ）Who exercises broadcasting freedom?40

（ⅱ）Programme rights and internal broadcasting freedom42

（ⅲ）Broadcasting freedom and labour law45

4. The Rights of Viewers and Listeners47

Ⅲ.PUBLIC BROADCASTING50

1. Introduction50

2. The Concept of Public Service Broadcasting51

3. The Constitutional Position56

4. Public Broadcasting Authorities60

5. The Financing of Public Broadcasting69

Ⅳ.PRIVATE BROADCASTING75

1. Introduction75

2. The Rights of Private Broadcasters77

3. Licensing and Regulatory Authorities81

4. The Licensing Process85

（ⅰ）Applicants85

（ⅱ）How licences are awarded88

（ⅲ）Licence grants92

5. Renewal and Withdrawal of Licences94

Ⅴ.PROGRAMME STANDARDS96

1. Introduction96

2. Impartiality100

3. The Range and Variety of Programmes105

4. Indecency and Violence111

5. Enforcement of Programme Standards115

Ⅵ.COMPETITION LAW121

1. Introduction121

2. Constitutional Arguments125

3. Accumulation and Other Rules128

4. Cross-Media Ownership Rules131

5. Exclusive Broadcasting Agreements136

6. European Community Law139

Ⅶ.ACCESS TO BROADCASTING144

1. Introduction144

2. Constitutional Access Rights146

3. Legislative Rules151

4. Rights of Reply and the Fairness Doctrine157

5. Access to Cable165

Ⅷ.ELECTION AND POLITICAL BROADCASTING168

1. Introduction168

2. Election Broadcasts174

3. Other Political Broadcasts181

4. News and Current Affairs Programmes184

Ⅸ.ADVERTISING188

1. The Role of Advertising188

2. The Constitutional Position of Advertising191

3. Advertising and the European Convention on Human Rights196

4. Restrictions on Advertising198

（ⅰ） General rules199

（ⅱ） Time and frequency restrictions201

（ⅲ） Restrictions on content204

（ⅳ） Sponsorship205

（ⅴ） Product placement207

（ⅵ） Moral rights of authors208

5. The Harmonization of Advertising Rules210

Ⅹ.INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN LAW213

1. Introduction213

2. International Law215

3. The European Convention on Transfrontier Television222

4. The European Communities Directive229

Select Bibliography237

Index242