《INTERPRETING PRECEDENTS A COMPARATIVE STUDY》

1 IntroductionD.Neil MacCormick, Edinburgh and Robert S.Summers,Ithaca1

2 Precedent in the Federal Republic of GermanyRobert Alexy, Kiel and Ralf Dreier, Gottingen17

3 Precedent in FinlandAulis Aarnio, Tampere65

4 Precedent in FranceMichel Troper, Paris and Christophe Grzegorczyk, Paris103

5 Precedent in ItalyMichele Taruffo, Pavia and Massimo La Torre, Florence141

6 Precedent in NorwaySvein Eng, Oslo189

7 Precedent in PolandLech Morawski, Torun and Marek Zirk-Sadowski, Lodz219

8 Precedent in SpainAlfonso Ruiz Miguel, Madrid and Francisco J.Laporta,Madrid259

9 Precedent in SwedenGunnar Bergholtz, Lund and Aleksander Peczenik, Lund293

10 Precedent in the United KingdomZenon Bankowski, Edinburgh, D.Neil MacCormick,Edinburgh and Geoffrey Marshall, Oxford315

11 Precedent in the United States （New York State）Robert S.Summers, Ithaca355

12 Precedent in European Community LawJohn J.Barcelo, Ithaca407

13 Institutional Factors Influencing PrecedentsMichele Taruffo, Pavia437

14 The Binding Force of PrecedentAleksander Peczenik, Lund461

15 Rationales for PrecedentZenon Bankowski, Edinburgh, D.Neil MacCormick,Edinburgh, Lech Morawski, Torun and Alfonso Ruiz Miguel, Madrid481

16 What is Binding in a PrecedentGeoffrey Marshall, Oxford503

17 Departures from PrecedentRobert S.Summers, Ithaca and Svein Eng, Oslo519

18 Further General Reflections and ConclusionsD.Neil MacCormick, Edinburgh and Robert S.Summers,Ithaca531

Appendix: Final Version of the Common Questions, Comparative Legal Precedent Study, September 1994551

About the Authors563

Index567