《COMPARATIVE LEGAL TRADITIONS IN A NUTSHELL SECOND EDITION》

Introduction to the Comparative Study of Law1

1.What is “Comparative Law”?1

2.Aims and Uses of Comparative Law3

3.Methods of Comparative Law8

4.The Concept of Legal Tradition13

PART 1.THE CIVIL LAW TRADITION16

Chapter 1.History, Culture and Distribution16

1.What is the Civil Law Tradition?16

2.Roman Law17

3.Roman Law Survival Amidst Medieval Customs20

4.Canon Law22

5.Revival of Roman Law23

6.Commercial Law26

7.Reception of Roman Law27

8.Nation States and National Law30

9.Codification31

10.German Legal Science37

11.Distribution of the Civil Law43

12.Contemporary Civil Law52

Chapter 2.Legal Structures in Civil Law Na-tions58

1.Parliamentary Government58

2.Separation of Powers61

3.Judicial Review63

4.Public Law Courts66

5.Ordinary Courts70

Chapter 3.Legal Actors in the Civil Law Tradition74

1.Legal Education75

2.Legal Professions77

3.Private Practice80

4.Government Lawyers82

5.Judiciary83

6.Legal Scholars89

Chapter 4.Procedure in Civil Law Systems95

1.Civil Procedure95

2.Criminal Procedure99

3.Appellate Review101

Chapter 5.Fields of Substantive Law in Civil Law Systems106

1.Divisions of Law106

2.Public Law108

3.Private Law112

A.Civil Law113

B.Commercial Law118

C.Labor Law120

4.Merger or Desuetude of Divisions121

Chapter 6.Sources of Law and the Judicial Process in Civil Law Systems125

1.In General125

2.Primary Sources126

A.Enacted Law126

B.Custom129

C.General Principles129

3.Authorities130

A.Case Law130

B.Doctrine134

4.Interpretation137

5.Stability and Growth147

Selected Bibliography and Suggestions for Fur-ther Reading148

PART TWO.THE COMMON LAW TRADITION150

Chapter 7.History, Culture and Distribution150

1.Introduction150

2.Roman Occupation151

3.Roman-Norman Hiatus: The Anglo-Saxon Period152

4.The Norman Conquest153

5.Royal Courts154

6.Writ System155

7.Magna Carta156

8.Ecclesiastical Courts157

9.Equity158

10.Justices of the Peace159

11.Wars of the Roses160

12.The Tudors160

13.The Stuarts162

14.19th Century Reforms164

15.The Modern Period166

16.“English” Law168

17.Devolution169

18.Distribution170

Chapter 8.Legal Structures178

1.The British Government178

2.Parliament—House of Commons179

3.Parliament—House of Lords182

4.The Prime Minister and the Sovereign183

5.The Judicial Structure184

6.County Courts186

7.Magistrates’ Courts189

8.High Court192

9.Crown Courts195

10.Court of Appeal196

11.House of Lords198

12.Judicial Committee of the Privy Council200

13.Special Courts202

14.The European Court of Justice204

15.The European Court of Human Rights206

Chapter 9.Roles and Actors209

1.Legal Education209

2.Solicitors214

3.Barristers220

4.The Lawyer in Public Service226

5.The Judiciary228

Chapter 10.Procedure235

1.Civil Procedure235

2.Criminal Procedure242

3.Appellate Review254

Chapter 11.Rules261

1.Sources of Law261

2.Precedent262

3.Custom269

4.Conventions270

5.Royal Prerogative272

6.Legislation273

7.The Constitution276

8.The Law of the European Union280

9.Reception of Roman Law283

10.Divisions of Law—Law and Equity284

11.Divisions of Law—Public and Private Law285

12.Divisions of Law—The Law Merchant286

Selected Bibliography287

PART 3.SUPRANATIONAL EUROPE-AN LAW AND INSTITUTIONS291

Chapter 12.The European Union291

1.Founding and Expansion291

2.Institutions of the European Union293

3.Scope and Subject Matter of European Union Law299

4.Sources of Law in the European Union304

5.Supremacy of European Union Law in Member States309

6.European Union Law and National Con-stitutional Systems312

7.European Union Law and National Legal Traditions316

Chapter 13.The European Human Rights System326

1.Introduction326

2.Rights Protected Under the Convention328

3.The European Social Charter329

4.The European Court of Human Rights331

5.The Convention and Domestic Legal Sys-tems333

Selected Bibliography and Suggestions for Fur-ther Reading337

Index339