《Comparative legal traditions in a nutshell》

Introductory Matters1

1.Scope1

2.Purpose3

3.Major Legal Systems and Traditions4

4.Methodology8

5.Advice to Aspiring Comparativists9

PART ONE: THE CIVIL LAW TRADITION13

Chapter 1.History, Culture and Distribution13

1.What Is the Civil Law Tradition?13

2.Roman Law14

3.The “Customary Thicket” and Roman Law Survival17

4.Canon Law19

5.Revival of Roman Law20

6.Commercial Law23

7.Reception of Roman Law23

8.Nation States and National Law26

9.Codification28

10.German Legal Science33

11.Distribution of the Civil Law39

12.Contemporary Civil Law47

Chapter 2.Legal Structures52

1.Parliamentary Government52

2.Separation of Powers55

3.Judicial Review57

4.Public Law Courts59

5.Ordinary Courts63

6.European Institutions66

Chapter 3.Roles and Actors70

1.Legal Education70

2.Legal Professions73

3.Private Practice75

4.Judiciary78

5.Government Lawyers83

6.Legal Scholars85

Chapter 4.Procedure91

1.Civil Procedure91

2.Criminal Procedure94

3.Appellate Review96

Chapter 5.Rules101

1.Divisions of Law101

2.Public Law103

3.Private Law106

a.Civil Law107

b.Commercial Law112

c.Labor Law114

4.Merger or Desuetude of Divisions115

Chapter 6.Sources of Law119

1.In General119

2.Binding Sources120

a.Enacted Law120

b.Custom122

c.General Principles123

3.Interpretation124

4.Authorities133

a.Case Law133

b.Doctrine137

5.Stability and Growth139

Selected Bibliography and Suggestions for Further Reading140

PART TWO: THE COMMON LAW TRADITION142

Chapter 7.History, Culture and Distribution142

1.Introduction142

2.Roman Occupation143

3.Roman.Norman Hiatus: The Anglo-Saxon Period144

4.The Norman Conquest144

5.Royal Courts146

6.Writ System147

7.Magna Carta148

8.Ecclesiastical Courts149

9.Equity150

10.Justices of the Peace151

11.Wars of the Roses152

12.The Tudors152

13.The Stuarts154

14.19th Century Reforms156

Chapter 7.History, Culture and Distribution—C’t’d158

15.The Modern Period158

16.“English” Law159

17.Devolution161

18.Distribution161

Chapter 8.Legal Structures168

1.The British Government168

2.Parliament.House of Commons169

3.Parliament.House of Lords171

4.The Prime Minister and the Sovereign172

5.The Judicial Structure173

6.County Courts175

7.Magistrates’ Courts177

8.High Court179

9.Crown Courts182

10.Court of Appeal183

11.House of Lords184

12.Judicial Committee of the Privy Council186

13.Special Courts188

14.The European Court of Justice189

Chapter 9.Roles and Actors192

1.LLegal Education192

2.Solicitors197

3.Barristers200

4.The Lawyer in Public Service204

5.The Judiciary205

Chapter 10.Procedure211

1.Civil Procedure211

2.Criminal Procedure217

3.Appellate Review226

Chapter 11.Rules233

1.Sources of Law233

2.Precedent234

3.Custom240

4.Conventions241

5.Royal Prerogative243

6.Legislation244

7.The Constitution247

8.The Law of the European Economic Com-munity250

9.Reception of Roman Law253

10.Divisions of Law—Law and Equity254

11.Divisions of Law—Public and Private Law255

12.Divisions of Law—The Law Merchant255

Selected Bibliography256

PART THREE: THE SOCIALIST LAW TRADITION258

Chapter 12.History, Culture and Distribution258

1.The Historical Foundations of Socialist Law258

2.The Socialist Legal System as an Autonomous Legal Family267

a.The Nature of the Problem267

b.Criteria for Categorizing Laws Into Legal Families269

Chapter 12.History, Culture and Distribution—C’t’d270

c.The Common Core of the Socialist Legal System270

d.Socialist Law as a Conceptual-For-malistic Category272

e.Socialist Law as an Historical, Political,Economic and Social Category273

f.Socialist Law as a Pseudo-Religious Category274

3.Marxism-Leninism on the Nature and Func-tions of Law277

4.The Distribution of Socialist Law283

Chapter 13.Legal Structures285

1.The Communist Party286

2.The Trade Union Organizations290

3.The Legislature294

4.The Executive296

5.Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Institutions298

a.Regular Courts （General Civil and Criminal Jurisdiction）298

b.Economic Courts304

c.Labor Courts306

d.Administrative Courts306

e.Comrades’ Courts309

6.Procuratorial and Criminal Investigative Agencies313

a.The Procuracy313

b.Criminal Investigative Agencies313

7.Agencies for the Registration and Safe-keeping of Public Records314

Chapter 13.Legal Structures—Continued314

a.Notarial Offices314

b.Bureaus of the Office for the Registry of Civil Acts314

Chapter 14.Roles and Actors316

1.Legal Education316

2.The Legal Profession320

a.Judges322

b.Procurators322

c.Advocates （Private Practitioners）325

d.Jurisconsults330

e.Notaries331

f.Legal Scholars334

Chapter 15.Procedure336

1.Civil Procedure336

2.Criminal Procedure343

3.Appellate Review356

4.Methods of Securing Constitutional Su-premacy366

Chapter 16.Rules370

1.Divisions of Law370

a.Public Law and Private Law371

b.Substantive and Adjectival Law374

2.Sources of Law376

Selected Bibliography385

Index387