《THE MIDDLE EASTERN STATES AND THE LAW OF THE SEA》

PART ONE:GENERAL PRACTICE AND POLICIES1

Ⅰ Existing national claims to offshore jurisdiction3

A Territorial sea5

1 Breadth of the territorial sea5

2 Measurement of the territorial sea7

3 Delimitation of the territorial sea between States with adjacent or opposite coasts10

4 Innocent passage through the territorial sea10

5 Straits11

6 Islands:legal status of Perim,Kamaran and Kuria Muria17

B Functional zones beyond the territorial sea(excluding continental shelf)20

1 Contiguous zones:supervision zones20

2 Marine pollution control21

3 Exclusive fishing zones:exclusive economic zones26

C Continental shelf29

1 Legal history of the continental shelf doctrine29

2 Practice of the Middle Eastern States31

D Conclusion42

Ⅱ Trends as reflected in the third United Nations conference on the law of the sea43

A Recommendations of the Arab League44

B Substantive issues before the conference47

1 Jurisdictional limits48

2 Establishment of an international regime and authority for exploration and exploitation of the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond the limits of national jurisdiction67

3 Control of marine pollution and regulation of scientific research and transfer of technology73

C Conclusion78

PART TWO:SPECIFIC REGIONAL ISSUES81

Ⅲ Legal problems of offshore boundaries in the Arabian Gulf83

A Settled problems86

1 Bahrain-Saudi Arabia Boundary Agreement86

2 Agreement concerning the Sovereignty over the Islands of Al-Arabiyah and Farsi and the Delimitation of the Boundary Line separating the Submarine Areas between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Iran91

3 Agreement for Settlement of the Offshore Boundary and Ownership of Islands between Abu Dhabi and Qatar95

4 Offshore Boundary Agreement between the Amirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai99

5 Agreement concerning the Boundary Line dividing the Continental Shelf between Iran and Qatar Agreement concerning Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Bahrain and Iran Agreement concerning the Boundary Line dividing Parts of the Continental Shelf between Iran and the United Arab Emirates(Dubai)Agreement concerning Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Iran and Oman99

B Outstanding problems107

1 Kuwait-Saudi Arabia:partitioned zone offshore lateral boundaries and the question of the islands of Qaru and Umm al-Maradim107

2 Iran-Kuwait-Saudi Arabia:offshore boundary between Iran and the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia partitioned zone110

3 Iran-Iraq-Kuwait:offshore boundaries and Iraq-Kuwait dispute over the islands of Warbah and Bubiyan111

4 Qatar-Saudi Arabia:offshore boundary121

5 Bahrain-Qatar:offshore boundary and the question of the Hawar islands121

6 Iran-Sharjah-Umm al-Qaiwain:the question of Abu Musa island122

7 Iran-Ras al-Khaimah:the question of the Tumb islands128

C Conclusion130

Ⅳ Legal status of the Gulf of Aqaba and the Straits of Tiran and the rules governing the right of passage therethrough132

A Geographical and historical position of the Gulf of Aqaba133

B Occupation of Umm Rashrash and the struggle for control of the Gulf of Aqaba,1949-76135

1 Occupation of Umm Rashrash135

2 Egypt-Saudi Arabia accord concerning the islands of Tiran and Sanafir and the question of sovereignty thereover136

3 Egyptian regulations relating to navigation through the Straits of Tiran137

4 The 1956 Sinai campaign and the 1967 Arab—Israeli armed conflict138

C Main assertions and arguments regarding the controversy surrounding the Gulf of Aqaba and the Straits of Tiran139

1 The Egyptian position139

2 The Israeli position141

D Analysis of the problem142

1 Legal description of the Gulf of Aqaba144

2 Juridical status of the Gulf of Aqaba144

3 The rules governing the right of passage through the Gulf of Aqaba and the Straits of Tiran151

4 Israeli withdrawal from Sinai Peninsula in March 1957 and the right of passage through the Gulf of Aqaba and the Straits of Tiran167

5 The 'exceptional—possibly unique' case of the Gulf of Aqaba172

E Conclusion176

Ⅴ Legal aspects of the Red Sea hot brines and other metalliferous mud deposits178

A Discovery and location178

B Nature and economic potential179

C Legal rights180

1 The Saudi Arabian law relating to the acquisition of the Red Sea resources180

2 Agreement between Sudan and Saudi Arabia relating to the Joint Exploitation of the Natural Resources of the Sea Bed and Subsoil of the Red Sea in the Common Zone185

3 Conference of States bordering the Red Sea187

General conclusions189

Appendices193

Ⅰ National legislation and international agreements195

Ⅱ Limits of national claims to offshore jurisdictions200

Ⅲ Letter from the Political Agent to Shaikh Saqr,Ruler of Sharjah201

Ⅳ Declaration concerning the Exclusive Sovereign Rights of the State of Qatar in the Zones contiguous to the Territorial Sea,2 June 1974202

Ⅴ Declaration concerning the Limits of the Exclusive Fishing Zones of Saudi Arabia in the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf,1974204

Ⅵ A Decree No.15 concerning the Territorial Waters of the Yemen Arab Republic,30 April 1967205

B Decree No.16 concerning the Continental Shelf of the Yemen Arab Republic,30 April 1967207

Ⅶ Documents on the Understanding concerning the Island of Abu Musa208

Notes212

Selected bibliography275

Index288

2 The Straits of Bab el-Mandeb13

3 The Strait of Hormuz16

4 The Arabian Gulf85

5 Bahrain-Saudi Arabia continental shelf boundary87

6 Iran-Saudi Arabia continental shelf boundary93

7 Abu Dhabi-Qatar continental shelf boundary96

8 Iran-Qatar continental shelf boundary101

9 Bahrain-Iran continental shelf boundary102

10 Iran-United Arab Emirates(Dubai)continental shelf boundary104

11 Iran-Oman continental shelf boundary106

12 Kuwaiti territorial sea and continental shelf114

13 Iraqi territorial sea and continental shelf116

14 Khor Abdullah119

15 The Gulf of Aqaba and theStraits of Tiran134

16 Red Sea median line and location of brine deposits181

17 Trackline of the Oceanographer through the Red Sea182