《INDIVIUAL'S PETITION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW》

Foreword1

Preface5

Acknowledgements7

Ⅰ.Introduction9

League of Nations and Human Rights10

A Draft Bill of Rights—National and International Attempts13

Other International Attempts and the United Nations14

The International Court of Justice and Human Rights16

Specialized Agencies of the United Nations and Human Rights18

1.ILO18

2.UNESCO19

3.FAO20

4.WHO20

Ⅱ.The Commission on Human Rights24

Work on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights24

Views of Delegates28

New Composition of the Commission32

Further Work of the Commission33

Work of the Draft Covenant33

Work on the Draft Measures of Implementation34

Work on the Communication of Human Rights35

Work on the Yearbook of Human Rights36

Ⅲ.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights,194840

Contents of the Universal Declaration41

1.Civil Rights42

2.Precedural Rights42

3.Political Rights43

4.Economic,Social and Cultural Rights43

Duties of the Individuals43

Limitation on the Exercise of these Rights43

General Application Clause44

Importance of the Universal Declaration44

Legal Consequences of the Universal Declaration46

1.National Constitutions46

2.Municipal Legislations47

3.Municipal Courts47

4.International Institutions48

Influence of the Universal Declaration on Treaties and Conventions50

Publicity of the Universal Declaration53

Ⅳ.Work of the Third Committee of the General Assembly56

Proposal for Legally Binding Instruments56

1.Tenth Session of the Commission on Human Rights66

2.Eighteenth Session of the Economic and Social Council66

Consideration on the Instruments67

1.Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights67

2.Covenant on Civil and Political Rights67

Ⅴ.Adoption of the Legally Binding International Instruments74

Adoption of the Preamble of Both the Covenants74

Adoption of First Article of Both the Convenants75

Adoption of the Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights77

Measures of Implementation95

Adoption of Parts Ⅳ and Ⅴ Articles(16-31)of the Covenant95

Adoption of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights96

Approval of the Covenants by the General Assembly125

State Parties to the Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights—A List126

State Parties to the Convenant on Civil and Political Rights—A List127

Optional Protocol on Civil and Political Rights130

1.Adoption of the Optional Protocol130

2.Action as to the Adoption of the Protocol131

3.Progress after Adoption of the Protocol132

State Parties to the Optional Protocol133

Reports by the States Parties to the Human Rights Committee135

Ⅵ.Individual's Petitions Before Human Rights Committee142

Composition of the Human Rights Committee142

Consideration of Communication under the Optional Protocol143

(ⅰ)Gathering of Basic Information145

(ⅱ)Initial Consideration145

(ⅲ)Consideration Prior to Admissibility146

(ⅳ)Consideration on the Merits146

Issues Pertaining to Admissibility147

Procedural and Substantive Issues Relating to the Admissibility of Communications148

1.The Standing of the Author148

2.Date Binding on the State Parties148

3.Matter is not Examined by Another International Body148

4.Exhausted All Available Domestic Remedies149

Petitions submitted to the Human Rights Committee150

Appendix Ⅰ:International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights249

Appendix Ⅱ:Optional Protocol to the international Covenant on Civil and Political Rights272

List of Cases277

Bibliography280

Index286