《L'AVENIR DU DROIT INTERNATIONAL DE L'ENVIRONEMENT THE OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE ENVI》

Ouverture du colloque par/Opening of the Workshop by3

R.Ago3

M.Lachs5

K.Mushakoji9

E.D.Ploman11

Introduction du sujet， par R.-J.Dupuy15

Introduction of the subject by R.-J.Dupuy19

PREMIERE PARTIE LE BILAN FIRST PART THE REVIEW29

Ⅰ.Communications29

A.Rapports introductifs Introductive Reports29

1.LE DROIT INTERNATIONAL DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ET LA SOUVERAINETE DES ETATS.BILAN ET PERSPECTIVES， par P.-M.DUPUY29

Ⅰ.Structures et techniques normatives du droit de l’environnement depuis197230

A.Normes obligatoires32

B.Normes incitatives et resolutoires34

C.Normes techniques de reference35

Ⅱ.Portee materielle de l’evolution normative38

A.L’identification des principes emergents38

1） Principes directeurs39

2） Principes inspirateurs44

B.Conclusion： Evolutions et constantes de la souverainete47

2.ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN THE UNITED NATIONS ENVI- RONMENT PROGRAMME by P.H.SAND51

Introduction51

International agreements52

International guidelines， principles and standards56

International assistance for national legislation and administration60

Conclusions63

Annex Ⅰ.Participation of States in global conventions protecting the environment73

Annex Ⅱ.Participation in regional conventions adopted under the auspices of UNEP82

B.Bilan des actions sectorielles Review of activities by sector91

1.SEA-COAST ENVIRONMENT AND ITS SPATIAL ECONOMIC AND LEGAL REPERCUSSIONS by P.ZAREMBA91

Ⅰ.The application of international environmental law requires new forms of integrated spatial planning91

Ⅱ.The characteristics of coastal maritime environment93

Natural coastal landscape93

First practical conclusion94

Technological coastal landscape94

Second practical conclusion95

Ⅲ.Ecology and technology95

Third practical conclusion95

Fourth practical conclusion96

Ⅳ.New ecologically oriented methodology of integrated planning96

Fifth practical conclusion98

Ⅴ.Coastal planning in practice99

Ⅵ.Conclusion102

2.THE PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT IN THE CASE OF WAR by E.MANN-BORGESE105

3.THE FUTURE OF ENDANGERED SPECIES by S.VAN HOOG- STRATEN109

4.LE PATRIMOINE NATUREL DE L’HUMANITE， par C.DE KLEMM117

Introduction117

1.La nature des ressources117

2.L’importance des ressources118

3.Les menaces pesant sur les ressources120

4.La conservation des ressources120

a） La conservation ex situ121

b） La conservation in situ121

c） Les mesures complementaires122

5.Les obstacles a la conservation123

Premiere partie.Le bilan du droit positif123

1.Le regime juridique des ressources genetiques123

A.Individus et especes123

B.Les processus naturels124

1） Les droits des personnes124

2） La souverainete des Etats125

C.Les biens incorporels collectifs127

2.La protection juridique des ressources genetiques128

A.Les droits nationaux128

1） La protection des ecosystemes128

2） La protection des especes129

B.Le droit international130

1） Les traites130

2） Les autres formes de la cooperation internationale132

a） L’adoption de grands principes132

b） L’action des organisations internationales132

c） L’《engagement》de la FAO133

Deuxieme partie.Vers un nouveau regime134

1.Les insuffisances d’un regime d’appropriation135

A.L’appropriation privee135

B.L’appropriation par les Etats136

2.Un regime international138

A.Les ressources genetiques patrimoine commun de l’huma- nite138

B.Le contenu d’un nouveau regime140

1） Les principes140

a） La liberte d’acces140

b） L’obligation de conserver141

c） Le financement international141

2） La mise en ceuvre142

a） Les structures142

b） L’application143

Conclusion145

C.Bilan global General review153

1.“BALANCING THE EQUITIES” IN INTERNATIONAL ENVI- RONMENTAL LAW by J.G.LAMMERS153

2.ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIATION： A TOOL FOR RESOLVINGINTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL DISPUTES IN THE “PA- CIFIC WAY” by B.E.BARNES167

Ⅰ.Background167

Definitions of ADR terms167

The need for a system of resolving international environmental disputes that is suitable for the characteristics of those disputes169

The need for such an appropriate system that will be effective and also used when international environmental disputes arise169

A plan for the future development of such a mediation system， including the organization， staffing and training of mediators170

Ⅱ.Why mediation？170

Contrast to litigation-basic qualities of the mediation process170

Types of disputes successfully mediated around the world171

Pacific/Asian cultures： mediation/conciliation is the preferred mode171

In terms of sheer numbers of disputes resolved， mediation is a dominant mode of resolution world-wide （largely undocu- mented）171

Ⅲ.International mediation of disputes172

History： past attempts and successes： international mediations172

Pacific international mediations： case history： Indonesia， Indus River， Skagit River， EPA/Environment Canada172

Qualities unique to international disputes172

Why mediation is suitable to international disputes172

Analysis of previous international mediations173

Lack of training of diplomats and key actors173

Ⅳ.Environmental mediation173

Selected case histories， national and international174

Projection of future environmental disputes； dispute charac- teristics.Prototype dispute - acid rain175

Ⅴ.Proposed organization176

Location： within a neutral body vis-a-vis environment agencies like UNEPA176

Intake and staffing functions176

Ⅵ.The mediators177

Ⅶ.Conclusion177

Appendix A.Case summary.International mediation.West Irian181

Appendix B.Case summary.Indus River.International mediation182

Appendix C.1.Case summary.International mediation.SkagitRiver183

Appendix C.2.Case summary.International mediation.Clean Air Acts184

Appendix D.International mediator training manual draft outline # 1 - 1984 November185

Appendix E.Environmental conflict resolution.Selected bibliogra- phy188

Appendix F.The Duplex case198

Appendix G.Mediation and lawyers： the pacific way： a view from Hawaii199

3.PENDING PROBLEMS ON INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE EN- VIRONMENT by G.E.DO NASCIMENTO E SILVA217

1.Introductory remarks217

2.Nuclear pollution221

3.Pollution and the developing States224

4.Damages to the ozone layer226

5.The role of doctrine in the formation of international law of the environment227

4.THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW - SOME BASIC VIEWPOINTS by B.JOHNSON THEUTENBERG233

Ⅱ.Resume des debats245

Summing up259

DEUXIEME PARTIE LES GRANDS DEFIS SECOND PART THE GREAT CHALLENGES275

Ⅰ.Communications275

1.INDEMNISATION DES DOMMAGES EXCEPTIONNELS A L’ENVIRONNEMENT CAUSES PAR LES ACTIVITES INDUS- TRIELLES， par H.SMETS275

Resume - Abstract275

Introduction276

Premiere partie.Les dommages exceptionnels a l’environnement277

1.Les dommages causes a l’environnement marin par les dever- sements accidentels d’hydrocarbures277

a） Dommages causes par les hydrocarbures transportes en mer277

b） Dommages causes par les exploitations offshore d’hydro- carbures280

c） Autres sources de dommages280

2.Les dommages a l’environnement causes par les accumula- tions de polluants dans les sols282

a） Anciennes decharges de dechets dangereux282

b） Contamination progressive des sols283

c） Contamination progressive des sediments marins288

3.Les dommages a l’environnement causes par des accumula- tions d’energie288

4.Les dommages a l’environnement causes par la pollution de l’air et de l’eau289

a） Pollution de l’air291

b） Pollution des eaux292

5.Les dommages a l’environnement causes par te bruit296

6.Les dommages causes par la radioactivite296

7.Montant maximal des dommages a l’environnement302

8.Poids relatif du cout des catastrophes dans le cout total des dommages a l’environnement303

9.Incidences economiques du cout des accidents de pollution307

10.Catastrophes de pollution et catastrophes naturelles dans les pays industrialises308

11.Conclusions de la premiere partie309

Deuxieme partie.L’indemnisation des dommages exceptionnels a l’environnement311

1.Indemnisation des pollutions graves311

Plafond d’indemnisation en cas de repartition311

2.Indemnisation des dommages causes par la radioactivite314

3.Indemnisation des dommages causes par le transport de pe- trole315

4.Indemnisation des dommages causes par les exploitations offshore d’hydrocarbures320

5.Indemnisation des dommages causes par les accumulations de dechets dangereux321

6.Indemnisation des dommages causes par la pollution de l’air322

7.Indemnisation des dommages causes par le bruit323

8.Conclusions de la deuxieme partie323

2.ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND THE LAW OF INTER- NATIONAL TRADE （with particular reference to the export of hazardous chemicals and transfrontier disposal of wastes） by E.REHBINDER357

Ⅰ.International trade， environmental protection and GATT357

Ⅱ.Export of pesticides and other hazardous chemicals360

Ⅲ.Transfrontier disposal of hazardous wastes366

3.DISPOSAL OF NUCLEAR WASTE INTO THE SEA by J.A.DE YTURRIAGA371

Ⅰ.Introduction371

Ⅱ.Dumping of nuclear waste372

1.Global approach373

2.Regional approach379

Ⅲ.Release of nuclear waste from land-based sources382

1.Global approach382

2.Regional approach382

Ⅳ.Conclusions385

1.Dumping of nuclear waste385

2.Release of nuclear waste from land-based sources385

4.ENVIRONMENT AND LAW： A PERSPECTIVE FROM DEVE- LOPING COUNTRIES by A.K.BISWAS389

Introduction389

Third world and the environment390

Environmental laws in developing countries393

Constraints396

Concluding remarks398

5.TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE by G.J.CANO401

Ⅰ.Preface401

Ⅱ.The boundaries between environmental and natural resources law402

Ⅲ.Content of international environmental law403

Ⅳ.International environmental and natural resources law in the western hemisphere407

Ⅴ.The future411

Annex 1.Western hemisphere environment-related international agreements414

Annex 2.Articles dealing with international environmental matters of the “Code on Renewable Natural Resources and Environment Protection of Colombia （1974） ”417

6.THE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW OF WAR AND THE FUTURE OF MANKIND by NAGENDRA SINGH419

The first step419

The scientific data420

Momentous discovery of “nuclear winter”420

Consequences of nuclear war421

（a） Suicide for the aggressor421

（b） Survival of Homo Sapiens questioned421

The second step422

Ⅱ.Resume des debats427

Summing up429

TROISIEME PARTIE PERSPECTIVES D’ACTION THIRD PART AVENUES OF ACTION435

Ⅰ.Communications435

1.LE DROIT DE L’HUMANITE A UNE MAISON-TERRE HABI- TABLE， parH.SANSON435

Ⅰ.Effets pervers de l’environnement436

1） Effets de pollution436

2） Effets de domination437

Ⅱ.Globalisation de l’environnement440

1） Une Maison-Terre habitable440

2） Une Maison-Terre cohabitable441

Conclusion.Vers un nouvel ordre socio-ecologique international443

2.INTERNATIONAL LAW， COMMON PATRIMONY AND INTER- GENERATIONAL EQUITY： RESEARCH IN PROGRESS by E.BROWN WEISS445

3.SERVING FUTURE GENERATIONS by P.S.THACHER451

4.LE DROIT INTERNATIONAL DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT， UN ASPECT DU DROIT INTERNATIONAL DE L’AVENIR？ par A.KISS471

Ⅰ.Caracteristiques du droit international de l’environnement472

A.Le role de l’opinion publique mondiale472

B.Caractere global de l’environnement474

C.L’interdisciplinarite ： corollaire du droit de l’environnement475

D.La dimension temps476

Ⅱ.Finalite et objet du droit international de l’environnement477

A.Finalite477

B.L’objet du droit international de l；environnement480

Ⅱ.Resume des debats487

Summing up491

CONCLUSIONS DU COLLOQUE， par R.-J.DUPUY497

Ⅰ.Bilan des politiques juridiques de l’environnement498

Ⅱ.Approches du futur500

CONCLUSIONS OF THE WORKSHOP by R.-J.DUPUY507

Ⅰ.Balance sheets of the juridical policies of the environment508

Ⅱ.Prospects for the future510