《THE LAW OF THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE VOLUME II》

Part Ⅰ:GENERAL PRINCIPLES3

Introductory3

1.The Nature of the Legal System Governing Employment Relations in International Organizations3

2.The Authority to Establish and the Need for International Administrative Tribunals26

3.International Administrative Tribunals and their Structure and Operation49

4.The Nature of the Employment Relationship in International Organizations82

Sources of International Administrative Law103

5.The Identification of Sources103

6.Statutory Provisions in Relation to Sources of Law110

7.The Contract of Employment,Other Agreements,the Circumstances Surrounding Employment,and the Instrument of Appointment126

8.Constituent Treaties136

9.Staff Regulations,Staff Rules,and Similar Written Instruments143

10.General Principles of Law151

11.Practice159

12.International Law169

13.Municipal Law175

14.Equity183

15.Judicial Precedents192

Jurisdiction201

16.Jurisdictional Competence201

17.Inadmissibility Ratione Temporis214

18.Inadmissibility for Other Reasons226

19.Res Judicata and Review of Judgments237

Judicial Control of Decisions:General Principles251

20.The Nature of Administrative Powers251

21.Ditournement de Pouvoir271

22.Discrimination and Inequality of Treatment306

23.Substantive Irregularity333

24.Procedural Irregularity356

25.Amendment,Acquired Rights,and Essential Conditions391

Remedies431

26.The Authority to Grant Remedies and their General Nature431

27.Remedies in the ILOAT443

28.Remedies in the UNAT475

29.Remedies in the WBAT505

30.Remedies in the International Administrative Tribunals of the European Institutions513

31.Remedies in Other Tribunals547

32.Costs557

Procedure609

33.Aspects of Procedure609

PART Ⅱ:SPECIFIC SUBJECTS639

34.Types of Appointments639

Permanent appointments641

Temporary appointments646

(a)Temporary indefinite appointments646

(b)Short-term appointments648

(c)Fixed-term appointments648

Probationary appointments649

35.Termination of Appointments for Unsatisfactory Service651

Basic principles653

Substantive irregularities655

(a)Authority of law655

(b)Competent authority655

(c)Evaluation656

(d)Limitations on the power of definition658

(e)Error of law659

(f)Mistaken conclusion660

(g)Irrelevant facts662

(h)Omission of facts662

(i)Error of fact663

(j)Irregularities in general664

Irregularity of motive665

(a)Détournement de procédure665

(b)Extraneous motives666

(c)Means not related to the objectives667

Procedural irregularity668

(a)Appraisal reports669

(b)Opportunity to defend670

(c)Review body672

(d)Warnings673

(e)Transfer or demotion674

(f)Statement of reasons674

(g)Notification676

(h)The essential nature of the procedural requirement677

Remedies677

(a)Reinstatement with or without compensation678

(b)Compensation only instead of reinstatement or specific performance678

(c)Remand679

(d)Compensation for non-essential irregularities680

36.Termination for Other Reasons than Unsatisfactory Service681

Abolition or suppression of post685

(a)Review of the decision to abolish or suppress posts688

(b)Subsequent action on abolition or suppression of posts692

(c)Survival of rights697

(d)Effect of agreement698

(e)Indemnities698

(f)Remedies699

Ill health or invalidity701

Disciplinary reasons705

Miscellaneous reasons705

(a)Retirement705

(b)Resignation707

(c)Abandonment of post709

(d)Expiry of short-term contract711

(e)Breach of contract712

(f)Violation of highest standards714

(g)Interests of the organization715

(h)Agreement716

(i)Expiry under the terms of the contract717

(j)Force majeure718

(k)Invalid reasons718

Consequences of termination719

37.Fixed-term Contracts720

Jurisdictional problems721

The general nature of non-renewal or non-conversion of a fixed-term contract725

The ILOAT approach to the control of the discretion not to renew a fixed-term contract730

(a)Substantive irregularities731

ⅰ.Omission of essential facts731

ⅱ.Mistaken conclusions733

ⅲ.Error of fact733

ⅳ.Error of law734

(b)Détournement de pouvoir735

(c)Procedural irregularities736

ⅰ.Violation of the written law737

ⅱ.Violation of general principles of law739

(d)The interests of the organization742

(e)Grounds for the non-renewal of fixed-term contracts743

(f)The right to be transferred746

(g)Legitimate expectancy; promise of renewal747

The UNAT approach to the non-renewal of a fixed-term contract749

(a)The concept of expectancy749

(b)The nature of the expectancy required749

(c)Constitutive elements of a legitimate expectancy751

(d)Consequences of the existence of a legitimate expectancy754

(e)Substantive irregularities755

(f)Ddtournement de pouvoir757

(g)Procedural irregularities758

(h)The question of the dependency of substantive and procedural irregularities and détournement de pouvoir on legitimate expectancy760

(i)The right to be transferred761

The approach taken by other tribunals762

Remedies766

(a)The ILOAT approach to remedies766

ⅰ.Reinstatement or specific performance766

ⅱ.Decision quashed767

ⅲ.Choice between reinstatement and compensation767

ⅳ.Compensation only awarded767

ⅴ.Remand769

(b)The UNAT approach to remedies770

ⅰ.General approach770

ⅱ.Expectancy772

ⅲ.Material injury772

ⅳ.Moral injury773

ⅴ.Procedural irregularities774

ⅵ.Specific performance774

38.Probationary Appointments775

The general nature of probation776

The duration and extension of probation778

Rights of the organization in respect of termination782

(a)The standard of satisfaction required782

(b)Professional qualifications in relation to unsatisfactory performance784

(c)Professional qualifications in relation to unsuitability785

(d)The timing of the decision to terminate a probationary appointment785

Substantive rights of the probationer during probation789

(a)Right to fair conditions for performance789

(b)Right to have functions within the scope of the job description790

(c)Right to guidance and training791

(d)Right to be warned about shortcomings791

(e)Right to assistance and protection792

(f)Right to be transferred792

Judicial control of administrative decisions794

(a)Procedural matters795

ⅰ.Periodic reports796

ⅱ.Competence to prepare reports798

ⅲ.Review body799

ⅳ.Rebuttal of the appraisal report799

ⅴ.Warnings800

ⅵ.Statement of reasons801

ⅶ.Notification of decisions801

(b)Abuse of purpose802

(c)Matters substantive to the decision to terminate804

ⅰ.Mistaken conclusions804

ⅱ.Error of fact805

ⅲ.Standards of judgment806

ⅳ.Competent authority806

Remedies807

39.Disciplinary Measures811

The basic approach813

Serious misconduct involving summary dismissal or other penalties819

Review of disciplinary measures for misconduct823

Détournement de pouvoir824

(a)Improper motive or prejudice824

(b)Discrimination and inequality of treatment824

(c)Proportionality825

(d)Non bis in idem826

(e)Détournement de procédure826

Substantive irregularities827

(a)Competent authority827

(b)Error of law828

(c)Error of fact828

(d)Omission of facts829

(e)Consideration of irrelevant facts829

(f)Erroneous conclusions829

Procedural irregularities830

(a)Composition of the disciplinary body830

(b)Right of defence830

(c)Investigation,witnesses,and evidence833

(d)Representation834

(e)Statement of reasons835

(f)Right of appeal835

(g)Fixed-term contracts835

(h)Due process in general835

Miscellaneous matters837

Remedies838

(a)Reinstatement with or without compensation838

(b)Specific performance839

(c)Compensation839

ⅰ.Material damage840

ⅱ.Moral injury841

(d)Other action841

(e)No remedy842

40.Classification and Grading of Posts843

Basic principles846

(a)Post must correspond to grade846

(b)Salary is related to grade848

(c)Non-reduction of salary849

(d)Grade must correspond to duties and powers850

The assignment of grades852

(a)The approach of the CJEC853

(b)The approach of the ILOAT856

ⅰ.Error of law858

ⅱ.Error of fact859

ⅲ.Omission of facts and consideration of irrelevant facts859

ⅳ.Erroneous conclusions860

ⅴ.Inequality of treatment861

ⅵ.Prejudice or ill will862

ⅶ.Procedural irregularities862

ⅷ.Other irregularities864

(c)Other tribunals864

Specific rules applied by tribunals865

(a)Substantive obligations865

(b)Temporary assignments866

(c)Post descriptions867

(d)Requirements for and effect of reclassification869

(e)Effect of assurances871

(f)Right to a post872

(g)Delays872

(h)Withdrawal of classification decision872

Remedies873

(a)The CJEC873

(b)The ILOAT873

(c)The Appeals Board of NATO874

(d)The UNAT874

(e)The OASAT874

41.Transfer and Reassignment876

Definitions877

Intrinsic defects880

Transfer as a priority880

Right to a transfer881

Restrictions on transfer883

The discretion to transfer885

Control of the discretion to transfer887

(a)Détournement de pouvoir889

ⅰ.The interests of the service889

ⅱ.The interests of the staff member890

ⅲ.Improper purpose or motive892

ⅳ.Discrimination,prejudice,and ill will893

ⅴ.Détournement de procédure894

ⅵ.Non bis in idem895

(b)Substantive irregularities895

ⅰ.Arbitrariness895

ⅱ.Error of law896

ⅲ.Error of fact897

ⅳ.Consideration of irrelevant facts898

ⅴ.Omission of facts898

ⅵ.Erroneous conclusions898

(c)Procedural irregularities899

ⅰ.Statement of reasons900

ⅱ.Opportunity to reply901

ⅲ.Notification of decision901

ⅳ.Consultation901

ⅴ.Due process902

Consent of the transferee903

Refusal of a transfer903

Transfer and the right of association904

Remedies904

(a)Reinstatement or specific performance904

(b)Compensation906

ⅰ.Material damages906

ⅱ.Moral damages907

42.Promotion909

The right to a promotion910

The discretion to promote913

Abuse of discretion917

Detournement de pouvoir918

(a)Improper purpose919

(b)Prejudice or ill will920

(c)Discrimination and inequality of treatment920

Substantive irregularities921

(a)Error of law921

(b)Error of fact924

(c)Consideration of irrelevant facts924

(d)Omission of facts924

(e)Erroneous conclusions926

Procedural irregularities926

(a)Violation of written law in general927

(b)Reports928

(c)Delay928

(d)Absence of due process928

(e)Reasons930

(f)Nature of the procedural irregularity931

Acquired rights932

Policy on promotion933

Choice of promotion934

Classification and promotion934

Abolition of post935

Temporary staff935

Right to associate935

Salary on promotion935

Remedies937

(a)Annulment937

(b)Damages in addition to annulment938

(c)Specific performance938

(d)Damages without annulment or specific performance939

(e)Extrajudicial settlement940

(f)Compensation in absence of illegality940

(g)Moral and consequential damages940

(h)No remedy because of the nature of the procedural irregularity941

43.Structural Salary Adjustments and Salary Scales942

Basic principles943

The definition of salary in relation to the basic principles947

Adjustments in salary954

(a)Decision impugned955

(b)Powers of organs956

(c)The content of the increase958

ⅰ.Error of law960

ⅱ.Disregard of essential fact and error of fact961

ⅲ.Duty to follow established rules962

ⅳ.Détournement de pouvoir963

ⅴ.Statement of reasons964

(d)Practice964

(e)Acquired rights965

(f)Discrimination and inequality of treatment969

(g)Temporary staff970

Salary scales970

Remedies972

(a)Reduction of salaries972

(b)Salary adjustments972

(c)Salary scales974

(d)Specific performance974

44.The Right of Association975

Provisions of the written law976

The right of association978

Staff-Association activities981

Provision of facilities989

Conduct of administrative authorities993

Recognized and unrecognized Staff Associations993

Consultation and negotiation:salary scales995

Strikes1001

(a)Legality of strikes1001

(b)Penalties1003

(c)Deductions from pay1004

Staff elections1007

Locus standi of Associations1008

Miscellaneous issues1011

Remedies1013

APPENDICES1017

Ⅰ.Statute of the Administrative Tribunal of the United Nations1017

Ⅱ.Statute of the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organisation1023

Ⅲ.Statute of the Administrative Tribunal of the World Bank1029

Ⅳ.Rules of the World Bank Administrative Tribunal1035

Ⅴ.Staff Regulations and Staff Rules of the United Nations1047

Ⅵ.Staff Regulations of the Council of Europe1141

Ⅶ.Principles of Employment of the World Bank1225

Select Bibliography1233

Table of Cases1241

Index1293