《Table 3–Source contributions to the measured VOCs.》

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《"The levels, sources and reactivity of volatile organic compounds in a typical urban area of Northeast China"》

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USEPA PMF 5.0 was utilized to perform the analysis of the samples for source apportionment.PMF model is a multivariate factor analysis tool that solves the chemical mass balance equation between measured species concentrations and source profiles（Paatero and Tapper，1994）.A more detailed description has been given in the user manual（Norris et al.，2014）.Uncertainties for each sample or species are calculated from the error fraction and minimum detection limits（MDLs）following the user manual.The error faction was chosen as10%in this study.MDLs are listed in Table 1.Not all of the identified species were introduced in the PMF model.Species not present in more than 25%of samples or below the MDL were excluded.Species with signal-to-noise ratio lower than1.5 were also excluded.