《Table 4 Typical mechanical properties of TWIP steels》

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《Recent progress in the development and application of the new Gen. AHSS at Baosteel》

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TWIP steels exhibit exceptional characteristics，including a high work-hardening capability，high strength，and excellent ductility，which are achieved by mechanisms involving slip and deformation twinning[9-10].These high strength-high ductility steels，known as the 2nd Gen.AHSS，have drawn increasing attention from automobile makers，who are always focused on designing lightweight automobiles[11-12].TWIP steels are generally high manganese austenite steels with a low stacking-fault energy（SFE），and deformation twinning is the primary mechanism employed to maintain a high strain-hardening rate[13-15].As strain increases，deformation twinning causes the serious fragmentation of grains，which reduces the mean free path of the dislocation slip.This TWIP effect can be interpreted as a dynamic Hall-Petch effect[16-17].Baosteel began developing TWIP steels in 2007 using the chemical composition listed in Table 3.To obtain a full austenite microstructure in the materials，a large amount of Mn（>15%）was necessary，as well as a high content of C（>0.5%）.Early developed TWIP steels often had a high risk of hydrogen-induced delayed fracture，which actually prevented the practical applications of these materials.Al was then found to be an effective element for improving resistance to delayed fracture in TWIP steel.However，a high Al content can seriously deteriorate the castability of the steels during continuous casting，due to the significant nozzle blockage and slag entrapment caused by the high oxidizability of Al.