《Table 1 Statistics on parameters of major source rocks and reservoirs in main heavy crude oil and o

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《Heavy Oil and Oil Sands:Global Distribution and Resource Assessment》

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Data from Adams et al.，2006；Anjos et al.，2008；Можегова.，2011；Zhang Guangya，2012；Li Bing，2012；Liu Yaming et al.，2013；Fan Yuhai，2017；Chang Cheng，2017.

As with conventional hydrocarbons，heavy oil and oilsand resources need an extensive high-quality source rock to provide a high oil-and gas-generating capacity.The source rocks of large-scale heavy oil and oil sands are characterized by TOCs above 3%（up to 24.3%）（Table 1） ，with organic matter of moderate maturity.In the northern part of South America，a large marine ingression during the Late Cretaceous gave rise to the most important source rock in this region–the world-class late Cretaceous shallow marine source rock（Liu Yaming et al.，2014）.Oil and gas are generated within basinal depressions to the west or north where the source rocks，mostly mudstones of neritic facies，are thick（generally>100 m），contain abundant organic matter（TOC 0.25–16%），and are of moderate maturity（Ro>0.5）.