《Table.1.Response of experimental and relative densities of the two surfactant (EC and SDBS) assiste

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《Surfactant-decorated graphite nanoplatelets(GNPs) reinforced aluminum nanocomposites: sintering effects on hardness and wear》

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The reported possible strengthening mechanisms for graphene-reinforced nanocomposites were due to the synergistic effect of grain refinement，load transfer，thermal expansion mismatch，and Orowan looping[26].Among these，load transfer，and grain refinement effects are more prominently displayed by graphene due to its unique 2D geometry，higher surface area，and formation of the strong interface at both sides of the sheet faces.An increase in hardness of the nanocomposite is the direct indication of grain refinement as they have a very close relationship.The addition of GNPs produces a pinning effect at the boundaries and acts as a grain growth inhibitor leading to an increase in hardness.As such，the grain sizes of GNPs-reinforced Al nanocomposites at both sintering temperatures were measured to investigate the possible grain refinement effect as shown in Fig.7.Both trends at two sintering temperatures validate the fact that graphene has developed a significant pinning effect and the grain size has reduced as compared to pure Al；this is characteristic of graphene for grain refinement[27-28].However，surfactant-assisted GNPs-reinforced Al nanocomposites produce more pinning effect than a pure GNPs-reinforced Al matrix.Another aspect of increased hardness is the effective load transfer from the ductile matrix（Al）to the uniformly dispersed surfactant-decorated GNPs.This can occur as a strong interface that may develop with the Al as there is a high surface area containing GNPs coated on the Al surfaces[7].