《Table 1.Averaged characteristics of parameters of ramp structures.》

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《On the scaling law of ramp structures in scalar turbulence》

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For temperature signals，we select 663 ramp structures with different durations ranging from several seconds to hundreds of seconds，which can be seen in Figure 2（a）.Likewise，613 ramp structures are extracted in watervapor signals and 456 in CO2signals.Ramp patterns in temperature have a duration of 72 s on average，which is the characteristic temporal scale—the most important feature for ramp structures.Also，the total duration in temperature is larger than water vapor（55 s）and CO2（36 s）.Other details，such as ramp duration and cliff duration，can be seen in Table 1.It seems that，for scalar turbulence，ramp structures in temperature and water vapor have something in common compared to CO2signals.The normalized amplitude for CO2is0.008，which is smaller than that for temperature（0.031）and water vapor（0.037）.The characteristic scale of ramp structures in CO2signals is also smaller than that in temperature and water vapor，and theramp scale is almost equal to the cliff scale，which means ramp structures in CO2signals are difficult to generate.It is possible that there are different physical mechanisms for ramp structures in CO2signals.