《Table 5 The currently-available PD databases》

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《Translational Informatics for Parkinson's Disease:from Big Biomedical Data to Small Actionable Alterations》

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A database and a knowledge base for diverse PD data are needed for the modelling and understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of PD.Table 5 lists the existing PD databases.PDGene is a comprehensive online resource of potential risk loci in PD[64].After data from all the published articles and genome-wide association studies（GWAS）were extracted，deep meta-analyses were performed on millions of polymorphisms from different GWAS datasets or PD-related studies.A total of 11 loci，e.g.，GBA，LRRK2，MAPT，PARK16，and SNCA，were significant genome-wide for PD risk evaluation.ParkDB is another database aimed at recording key molecular events during PD development[65].It contains a large number of re-analysed and annotated microarray datasets，which are advantageous for screening expression signatures associated with PD under different biological backgrounds.PDmutDB is a PD mutation database that comprises information on all known mutations in the genes associated with PD development[66].Through expressed sequenced tags（ESTs）on substantia nigra tissues from healthy and PD populations，PDbase was built to capture PD-related genes and genetic variations[67].In addition，the database integrated several valuable resources for PD annotation and provides information such as mitochondrion proteins，microRNA-gene regulations，structural variations in PD-related genes，and pathways/networks within protein–protein interactions to better understand the causes of PD.An international and multi-centre study，PPMI，also collected diverse data from PD patients for future biomarker discovery and personalized PD therapy[68].Although many databases have been established，with more digital data from PD patients and related resources available，we could collect big PD biomedical data，especially PD-associated phenotype data，to conduct studies to obtain a holistic description and mechanism of PD.