《企业决策研究 英文版 第4版》

PART 1 SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY S ROLE IN DECISION MAKING1

CHAPTER 1 THE ROLE OF BUSINESS RESEARCH IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS2

OVERVIEW3

THE NATURE OF DECISION MAKING3

Levels of Decision Making4

Decision-Making Processes6

THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN DECISION MAKING8

Business Research Defined8

Business Research and Ethics9

Role In Decision Making10

Research and the Intermational Business Setting12

THE MANAGER-RESEARCHER RELATIONSHIP13

PLAN OF THE BOOK15

The Business Research Process16

SUMMARY19

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS19

NOTES20

SUGGESTED READING22

CHAPTER 2 SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY24

OVERVIEW25

DEFINITIONS25

Observations,Facts26

Concepts,Constructs,Definitions,Variables26

Problems,Hypotheses,Laws28

Theories,Models30

METHODS OF THEORY CONSTRUCTION32

Model-Based Theory34

Functional Theory35

Deductive Theory35

Inductive Theory36

RELEVANCE OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS RESEARCH36

Science versus Nonscience36

Scientific Method37

STATE OF THE ART IN BUSINESS RESEARCH38

Levels of Scientific Endeavor39

Computers and Business Research41

Where Do We Go from Here?42

SUMMARY43

NOTES44

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS44

SUGGESTED READING47

PART 2 BEGINNING THE RESEARCH PROCESS51

CHAPTER 3 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION IN BUSINESS INQUIRY52

OVERVIEW53

SECONDARY DATA IN BUSINESS RESEARCH53

Uses of Secondary Data55

Search Strategy57

Manual Searches59

SELECTION OF DATA RETRIEVAL METHODS59

Online Searches67

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS76

SUMMARY78

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS79

NOTES80

SUGGESTED READING82

CHAPTER 4 PROBLEM AND PROPOSAL DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT84

OVERVIEW85

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND FORMULATION85

Problem Identification86

Problem Formulation87

The Question of Value90

PROPOSAL DEVELOPMENT92

A Typology of Business-Related Research Proposals93

Structure of a Proposal95

A Sample Research Proposal96

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS102

Proposal Evaluation Mechanisms103

Other Control Mechanisms105

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS108

SUMMARY108

NOTES109

SUGGESTED READING110

APPENDIX:METHODS OF ASSESSING THE VALUE OF RESEARCH INFORMATION112

Bayesian Decision Analysis112

Simple Savings Method115

Return on Investment116

Notes117

PART 3 RESEARCH DESIGN119

CHAPTER 5 FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH DESIGN120

THE NATURE OF RESEARCH DESIGN121

OVERVIEW121

ERROR REDUCTION THROUGH DESIGN122

Potential Sources of Error in the Research Process123

Managerial Strategies for Degling with Error126

MAJOR TYPES OF DESIGNS127

Ex Post Facto Designs133

Experimental Designs135

SPECIFIC DESIGN CONFIGURATIONS137

Validity Concems137

Specific Designs139

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS144

SUMMARY147

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS147

NOTES148

SUGGESTED READING150

APPENDIX:ADVANCED EXPERIMENTAL DEXIGNS152

Completely Randomized Design153

Randomized Block Design154

The Latin Square Design155

Factorial Design157

Analysis of Covariance158

Notes158

CHAPTER 6 FOUNDATIONS OF MEASUREMENT160

OVERVIEW161

THE NATURE OF MEASUREMENT161

Components of Measurement162

The Measurement Process163

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT166

Nominal168

Ordinal169

Interval170

Ratio170

EVALUATION OF MEASUREMENT SCALES171

Validity172

Reliability174

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS179

SUMMARY181

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS181

NOTES182

SUGGESTED READING183

APPENDIX:COMPUTATIONAL EXAMPLE OF COEFFICIENT ALPHA FOR ENERGY CONSCIOUSNESS MULTHTEM SCALE185

CHAPTER 7 SCALING AND INSTRUMENT DESIGN187

OVERVIEW188

THE NATURE OF INSTRUMENT DESIGN188

SCALE DEVELOPMENT190

Item Phrasing191

Response Formats196

Frequenfly Used Scaling Techniques197

INSTRUMENT DESIGN201

Scale Sequencing and Layout202

Pretesting and Collecting207

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS207

SUMMARY210

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS210

NOTES211

SUGGESTED READING213

CHAPTER 8 SAMPLING DESIGN214

THE NATURE OF SAMPLING215

Terminology215

OVERVIEW215

The Rationale for Sampling218

The Sampling Process218

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF SAMPLING222

SAMPLE DESIGNS224

Sample Design Choice Considerations224

Probability Designs225

PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SAMPLING238

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS243

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS245

SUMMARY245

NOTES246

SUGGESTED READING248

APPENDIX:A COMPUTATIONAL EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATING THE PROPERTIES OF THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM250

Notes253

PART 4 DATA COLLECTION255

CHAPTER 9 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION256

OVERVIEW257

THE NATURE OF PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION(PDC)257

PASSIVE PDC260

Personal Interviewing263

ACTIVE PDC263

Telephone Interviewing267

Mail Interviewing268

Computerized Interviewing275

A Comparison of Collection Methods276

PDC VENDORS278

PANEL VENDORS282

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS283

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS286

SUMMARY286

NOTES287

SUGGESTED READING290

APPENDIX:QUALITATIVE RESEARCH292

Nature and Uses of Qualitative Research292

Types of Qualitative Research294

Notes298

CHAPTER 10 MODEL BUILDING:SELECTION AND USE299

OVERVIEW300

IMPORTANCE AND TERMINOLOGY300

VERBAL VERSUS MATHEMATICAL MODELS302

Classification Criteria304

TYPES OF MODELS304

Model Specification305

Managerial Objectives of Modeling307

SELECTING A MODEL SOLUTION TECHNIQUE310

Sample Decision Models and Solution Techniques310

AN EXAMPLE OF MODEL CONSTRUCTION SOLUTION AND USE317

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS320

SUMMARY323

NOTES324

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS324

SUGGESTED READING326

PART 5 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES329

CHAPTER 11 PLANNING FOR DATA ANALYSIS330

OVERVIEW331

PLANNING ISSUES331

SELECTING APPROPRIATE ANALYTICAL SOFTWARE332

THE PREANALYTICAL PROCESS336

Step 1:Data Editing339

Step 2:Variable Development339

Step 3:Data Doding340

Step 4:Error Check343

Step 5:Data Structure Generation343

Step 6:Preanalytical Computer Check344

Step 7:Tabulation344

BASIC ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR BUSINESS RESEARCH345

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS349

SUMMARY351

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS351

NOTES352

SUGGESTED READING353

CHAPTER 12 BASIC ANALYTICAL METHODS355

OVERVIEW356

CLASSIFICATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS BY PURPOSE356

BASIC METHODS OF ASSESSING ASSOCIATION362

Crosstabulation362

Contingency Correlation364

Spearman Rank Correlation366

Pearson s367

Chi-Square Test370

BASIC METHODS OF ASSESSING DIFFERENCES370

Z-Test for Differences in Proportions373

t-Test for Differences in Means374

SUMMARY377

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS378

NOTES379

SUGGESTED READING380

APPENDIX:ADDITIONAL BASIC ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES382

The Normal Distribution382

Standardizing a Data Array383

Caiculation of the Sample Mean X and Sample Variance S2383

Covariation(Covariance)384

CHAPTER 13 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND REGRESSION TECHNIQUES385

OVERVIEW386

THE NATURE OF VARIANCE DECOMPOSITION386

LINEAR MODELS389

One-Way Analysis of Variance(ANOVA)389

Two-Way Analysis of Variance(ANOVA)396

Linear Regression405

Analysis of Covariance419

SUMMARY421

NONPARAMETRIC ANOVA421

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS423

NOTES425

SUGGESTED READING427

APPENDIX:THE USE OF DUMMY AND EFFECT CODING TO EXAMINE GROUP DIFFERENCES USING MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION429

CHAPTER 14 ADVANCED MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS432

OVERVIEW433

INTRODUCTION TO MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS433

SELECTION OF A MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUE434

ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENCY435

Muitivariate Analysis of Variance436

Multiple Discriminant Analysis439

Conjoint Analysis441

Covariance Structure Analysis443

ANALYSIS OF INTERDEPENDENCY445

Factor Analysis445

Cluster Analysis450

Mulfidimensional Scaling451

COMMENT ON MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES455

SUMMARY455

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS456

NOTES457

SUGGESTED READING460

PART 6 RESEARCH REPORTING AND EVALUATION461

CHAPTER 15 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH462

OVERVIEW463

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH463

Societal Rights465

Subjects Rights466

Clients /Managers Rights468

Researchers Rights469

CODES OF ETHICS470

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS471

SUMMARY472

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS473

NOTES474

SUGGESTED READING475

APPENDIX:EXCERPTS FROM THE ICC/ESOMAR INTERNATIONAL CODE OF MARKETING AND SOCIAL RESEARCH PRACTICE477

Introduction477

3.2 Code479

Appendix 1481

CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH REPORTING484

OVERVIEW485

WRITTEN RESEARCH REPORTS485

The Outline485

Guidelines491

ORAL PRESENTATIONS498

COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES IN THE FUTURE500

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS501

SUMMARY502

NOTES503

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS503

SUGGESTED READING504

CHAPTER 17 EVALUATION OF BUSINESS RESEARCH506

OVERVIEW507

EVALUATING A RESEARCH REPORT507

Evaluation:Problem Development507

Evaluation:Research Design523

Evaluation:Data Collection524

Evaluation:Analytical Procedures524

Evaluation:Reporting525

Overall Evaluative Score526

SUMMARY526

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS527

SUGGESTED READING527

APPENDIX A APRACTITIONER S GUIDE TO SECONDARY BUSINESS INFORMATION SOURCES528

RESEARCH GUIDES AND BIBUOGRAPHIES529

ENCYCLOPEDIAS,DIRECTORIES,DICTIONARIES AND HANDBOOKS532

INDEXES535

STATISTICAL SOURCES537

REFERENCES FOR INDIVIDUAL COMPANIES541

OTHER SOURCES:INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS542

A NOTE ON THE STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION(SIC)544

APPENDIX B SELECTED STATISTICAL TABLES547

TABLE B.1 RANDOM NUMBERS548

TABLE B.2 AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE549

TABLE B.3 DISTRIBUTION OF t550

TABLE B.4 DISTRIBUTION OF x2552

TABLE B.5 FDISTRIBUTION554

TABLE B.6 FISHER S z TRANSFORMATION OF lxy569

INDEX570