《会计学教程与案例 英文版·第9版》求取 ⇩

Appendix Table A Present Value of $1

ContentsPART1

Appendix Table B Present Value of $1

PART2

The Need for Information,　3

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING1　The Nature and Purpose ofAccounting,　3

Operating Information,　5

Financial Accounting,5

Management Accounting,　6

Definition of Accounting,　7

The Profession of Accounting　8

Our Approach to Accounting,　9

Plan of the Book,10

Preconceptions aboutAccounting,　10

The Financial AccountingFramework,11

Accounting s HistoricalAntecedents,12

Nature of Principles,13

Accounting as a Language,13

Criteria,14

Source of AccountingPrinciples,15

Financial StatementObjectives,17

Financial Statements,17

Income Tax Reporting,18

Case 1-1 Kim Brooks,20

Case 1-2 Baron Coburg,21

2　Basic Accounting Concepts:TheBalance Sheet,23

Basic Concepts,23

The Money MeasurementConcept,24

The Entity Concept,25

The Going-Concern Concept,26

The Cost Concept,27

The Dual-Aspect Concept,29

The Balance Sheet,30

An Overall View,31

Account Categories,34

Assets,34

Liabilities,37

Owners Equity,39

Ratios,42

Balance Sheet Changes,42

Original Capital Contribution,43

Purchase of Merchandise,43

Bank Loan,43

Concluding Comment,44

Sale of Merchandise,44

Case 2-1,Maynard Company(A),46

Case 2-2,Music Mart,Inc.,47

Case 2-3,Redwood Cafe(A),47

Case 2-4,Los Ni？os Day CareCenter,49

3 Basic Accounting Concepts:TheIncome Statement,51

The Nature of Income,51

The Accounting Period Concept,53

Interim Reports,54

Relation between Income andOwners Equity,54

Income Not the Same as Increase inCash,55

The Conservatism Concept,56

Application to RevenueRecognition,57

The Realization Concept,59

The Matching Concept,60

Recognition of Expenses,61

Criteria for ExpenseRecognition,61

Terminology,61

Expenses and Expenditures,63

Dividends,63

The Consistency Concept,66

Gains and Losses,66

Summary of ExpenseMeasurement,66

The Materiality Concept,68

The Income Statement,69

Revenues,70

Cost of Sales,71

Gross Margin,72

Expenses,72

Net Income,73

Statement of RetainedEarnings,73

Relation between Balance Sheet andIncome Statement,73

Income Statement Percentages,75

Other Concepts of Income,75

Accrual versus Cash-BasisAccounting,75

Income Tax Accounting,76

Economic Income,77

Case 3-1 Maynard Company(B),79

Case 3-2 Santa Fe Art Gallery,80

Case 3-3 Redwood Cafe(B),82

Case 3-4 John Bartlett,82

Case 3-5 Pinetree Motel,84

Case 3-6 National HelontogicalAssociation,87

4 Accounting Records and Systems,91

Recordkeeping Fundamentals,91

The Account,92

Permanent Accounts and TemporaryAccounts,93

The Chart of Accounts,94

The Ledger,94

Debit and Credit,95

Transaction Analysis,96

Example:Campus Pizzeria,Inc.,96

Balancing Accounts,100

The Trial Balance,101

The Adjusting and ClosingProcess,102

Adjusting Entries,102

Closing Entries,106

Statement Preparation,108

The Journal,109

Accounting Systems,111

Summary of the AccountingProcess,111

Special Journals,112

Control Accounts and SubsidiaryLedgers,113

Imprest Funds,113

Internal Accounting Controls,114

Significant RecordkeepingIdeas,115

Computer-Based AccountingSystems,115

What a Computer-Based SystemDoes,116

Problems with ComputerSystems,117

Relation to Manual Systems,117

Appendix:Additional AccountingCycle Procedures,118

Locating Errors Revealed by theTrial Balance,118

The Worksheet,119

Case 4-1,PC Depot,121

Case 4-2,Save-Mart,122

Case 4-3,Copies Express,123

Case 4-4,Trevino s Service Station,124

5 Revenue and Monetary Assets,129

Timing of Revenue Recognition,129

Basic Recognition Criteria,130

Delivery Method,130

Percentage-of-CompletionMethod,132

Installment Method,134

Production Method,134

Bad Debts,136

Amount of Revenue Recognized,136

Sales Discounts,139

Credit Card Sales,140

Revenue Adjustment versusExpense,141

Sales Returns and Allowances,141

Warranty Costs,142

Interest Revenue,143

Monetary Assets,145

Difference in Reporting Monetaryand Nonmonetary Assets,146

Cash,146

Marketable Securities,146

Receivables,146

Analysis of Monetary Assets,147

Current Ratio,148

Acid-Test Ratio,149

Days Cash,149

Days Receivables,150

Case 5-1 Moyer Corporation(A),152

Case 5-2 Mac Donald s Farm,154

Case 5-3 Middleburg RealtyCompany,156

Case 5-4 Jean Coffin(A),157

6 Cost of Sales and Inventories,161

Types of Companies,161

Supplies,162

Merchandising Companies,163

Acquisition Cost,163

The Basic MeasurementProblem,164

Periodic Inventory Method,165

Perpetual Inventory Method,167

Comparison of Periodic andPerpetual Methods,168

Retail Method,169

Manufacturing Companies,170

Inventory Accounts,170

Materials Used,172

Cost of Goods Manufactured,173

Cost of Goods Sold,174

Product Costing Systems,176

Product Costs and PeriodCosts,176

Service Companies,177

Inventory Costing Methods,178

Average Cost Method,179

Specific Identification Method,179

Last-In,First-Out Method,180

First-In,First-Out Method,180

Comparison of Methods,183

Lower of Cost or Market,186

Inventory Turnover,187

Analysis of Inventory,187

Case 6-1,Riechel Company,189

Case 6-2,Fahning ManufacturingCompany,190

Case 6-3,Medfield Corporation,193

Case 6-4,Morgan Manufacturing,194

Case 6-5,R.J.Reynolds TobaccoCompany,196

Case 6-6,Jean Coffin(B),203

7 Long-Lived Assets and TheirAmortization,205

Nature of Long-Lived Assets,205

Types of Long-Lived Assets,206

Plant and Equipment:Acquisition,207

Distinction between Asset andExpense,207

Items Included in Cost,208

Acquisitions Recorded at Other thanCost,209

Basket Purchases,210

Plant and Equipment:Depreciation,210

Judgments Required,211

Service Life,212

Depreciation Method,213

Choice of a DepreciationMethod,215

Accounting for Depreciation,216

Partial Year Depreciation,218

Change in Depreciation Rates,218

Disclosure,218

Plant and Equipment:Disposal,219

Exchanges and Trade-Ins,220

Group Depreciation,222

Significance of Depreciation,222

Income Tax Considerations,224

Income Tax Depreciation,224

Investment Tax Credit,225

Leased Assets,227

Capital Leases,228

Natural Resources,229

Depletion,230

Accretion and Appreciation,230

Intangible Assets,231

Goodwill,231

Patents,Copyrights,FranchisePights,232

Leasehold Improvements,233

Deferred Changes,233

Research and Development Costs,234

Case 7-1 Moyer Corporation(B),236

Case 7-2 Jean Coffin(C),237

Case 7-3 Stafford Press,239

Case 7-4 Digitrex Company,241

Case 7-5 Depreciation at Delta andPan Am,243

8 Sources of Capital:Debt,249

Nature of Liabilities,250

Executory Contracts,250

Contingencies,251

Liabilities as a Source ofFunds,252

Term Loans,253

Bonds,253

Debt Capital,253

Accounting for Bonds,254

Recording a Bond Issue,254

Bond Interest Expense,257

Balance Sheet Presentation,257

Retirement of Bonds,259

Refunding a Bond Issue,259

Other Liabilities,260

Analysis of Capital Structure,261

Debt Ratios,261

Times Interest Earned,263

Bond Ratings,263

Appendix:Present Value,264

Concept of Present Value,264

Finding Present Values,266

Present Value of a Series ofPayments,267

Present Values and Liabilities,268

Present Values and Assets,270

Calculating Bond Yields,270

Case 8-1,Martin Corporation(A),272

Case 8-2,Stybel Industries,Inc.,274

Case 8-3,Megashye EngineeringCompany,276

Case 8-4,Paul Murray,278

Case 8-5,Jean Coffin(D),279

9 Sources of Capital:Owners Equity,281

Forms of Business Organization,281

Sole Proprietorship,281

Corporation,282

Partnership,282

Accounting for Proprietor s andPartners Equity,283

Proprietorship Equity,283

Partnership Equity,284

Ownership in a Corporation,285

Preferred Stock,285

Common Stock,286

Reserves,288

Treasury Stock,288

Retained Earnings,289

Dividends,289

Warrants and Stock Options,291

Employee Stock Ownership Plans,292

Earnings per Share,293

Balance Sheet Presentation,293

Common Stock Equivalents,294

The Line between Debt andEquity,295

Zero-Coupon Bonds,295

Equity in NonprofitOrganizations,296

Redeemable Preferred Stock,296

Case 9-1 Xytech,Inc.,298

Case 9-2 FMC CorporationRecapitalization(A),299

Case 9-3 Trelease Industries,Inc.306

10 Other Items That Affect NetIncome,309

Personnel Costs,309

Pensions,311

Compensated Absences,314

Other Postretirement Benefits,314

Income Taxes,314

Book-to-Tax Differences,315

Deferred Taxes,317

Accounting Entries,320

Nonoperating Items,324

Extraordinary Items,325

Change in AccountingPrinciples,326

Discontinued Operations,326

Adjustments to RetainedEarnings,327

Foreign Currency Accounting,328

Foreign Currency Transactions,328

Foreign Currency Translation,329

Accounting and Changing Prices,331

Nature of the Problem,331

Net Income,331

Proposed Solutions,332

Related Developments,333

Case 10-1,Martin Corporation(B),335

Case 10-2,Silver Appliance Company,336

Case 10-3,Union Carbide Corporation,338

Case 10-4,Major League Baseball(B),341

Case 10-5,Freedom TechnologyCompany,350

11 The Statement of Cash Flows,353

The Concept of Flow Statements,353

Sources and Uses of Cash,354

Purpose of the Cash FlowStatement,354

Statement Categories,356

The Cash Flow Statement,356

Investing Activities,357

Financing Activities,360

Cash Flow from OperatingActivities,362

Noncash Transactions,362

Indirect Method Calculations,363

Summary of the Cash FlowStatement,368

Misconceptions About Depreciation,369

Cash Flow Earnings,370

Preparation of the Cash FlowStatement,370

Worksheet Entries,371

Cash Flow Worksheet,371

Statement Preparation,376

Summary of PreparationProcedures,376

Analysis of the Cash FlowStatement,377

Ratios,378

Cash Flow Projections,379

Case 11-1 Medieval AdventuresCompany,381

Case 11-2 Amerbran Company(A),382

Case 11-3 Statements of Cash Flows:Three Examples,384

Case 11-4 FMC CorporationRecapitalization(B),390

Case 11-5 W.T.Grant Company,392

Accounting for Investments,397

12 Acquisitions and ConsolidatedStatements,397

Fair-Value Method,397

Equity Method,398

Business Combinations,399

Consolidated Basis,399

Purchase versus Pooling,400

Accounting as a Pooling,401

Accounting as a Purchase,402

Impact on Balance Sheet,403

Impact on Earnings,403

Consolidated Statements,405

Consolidation Procedure,406

Basis for Consolidation,406

Asset Valuation,409

Minority Interest,410

Case 12-1,Hardin Tool Company,412

Case 12-2,Carter Corporation,413

Case 12-3,United states Steel andMarathon Oil,415

13 Financial Statement Analysis,419

Business Objectives,419

Return on Investment,420

Sound Financial Position,422

Structure of the Analysis,422

Return on Investment,424

Overall Measures,424

Investment Turnover and ProfitMargin,427

Price/Earnings Ratio,428

Profitability Ratios,429

Profit Margin,429

Investment Utilization Ratios,430

Investment Turnover,430

Working Capital Measures,431

Financial Condition Ratios,432

Liquidity and Solvency,432

Dividend Policy,432

Growth Measures,433

Difficulties,436

Making Comparisons,436

Possible Bases for Comparison,438

Use of Comparisons,439

Case 13-1 Genmo Corporation,441

Case 13-2 Amerbran Company(B),443

Case 13-3 The FinancialDetective,444

Case 13-4 Springfield NationalBank,445

14 Understanding FinancialStatements,453

Additional Information in AnnualReports,453

Auditors Opinion,454

Notes to Financial Statements,457

Segment Reporting,458

Full Disclosure,458

Comparative Statements,459

Securities and ExchangeCommission(SEC)Reports,460

Review of Criteria and Concepts,460

Criteria,461

Concepts,462

Regulatory Requirements,466

Accounting Alternatives,466

Latitude in Methods,467

Income Tax Principles,467

Basis of Choice,468

Controversies over Principles,469

Implications of TheseDifferences,470

Inherent Limitations,471

Ethical Problems,471

Meaning of the FinancialStatements,472

Income Statement,473

Balance Sheet,474

Statement of Cash Flows,476

Case 14-1,Payson Lunch,478

Case 14-2,Limited Editions,Inc.,479

Case 14-3,Royal Crest,Inc.,482

Case 14-4,SafeCard Services,Inc.,490

Case 14-5,U.S.Windpower,Inc.,494

MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING,509

15 The Nature of ManagementAccounting,509

Management Accounting as One Typeof Information,509

Information,510

Management Accounting,511

Management Accountants,512

Contrast between ManagementAccounting and FinancialReporting,513

Differences,513

Similarities,516

Source Disciplines,516

Types of Management AccountingInformation and Their Uses,517

Measurement,518

Control,519

General Observations on ManagementAccounting,520

Alternative Choice Decisions,520

Accounting Numbers AreApproximations,521

Different Numbers for DifferentPurposes,521

Working with Incomplete Data,521

People,Not Numbers,Get ThingsDone,522

Accounting Evidence Is Only PartialEvidence,522

Case 15-1 Bates Boatyard,524

16 The Behavior of Costs,527

Relation of Costs to Volume,527

Variable and Fixed Costs,527

Cost-Volume Diagrams,529

Relation to Unit Costs,531

Inherent Conditions,532

Linear Assumption,534

Estimating the Cost-VolumeRelationship,536

Measures of Volume,539

The Profitgraph,541

Break-Even Volume,542

Operating Leverage,543

Contribution,543

Cash versus AccrualProfitgraphs,547

Using the Profitgraph,547

Several Products,548

Other Influences on Costs,550

Appendix:Learning Curves,552

Case 16-1,Jackson Thomas,555

Case 16-2,Hospital Supply,Inc.,556

Case 16-3,Bill French,558

Case 16-4,Azienda Vinicola Italiana,562

Case 16-5,Morrin Aircraft Company,564

17 Full Costs and Their Uses,569

Cost Concepts,569

General Definition,570

Cost Object,570

Full Cost,571

Direct and Indirect Costs,571

Applicable AccountingPrinciples,572

Elements of Product Cost,573

Account Flowchart,576

Product Costing Systems,576

Nonmanufacturing Costs,581

Merchandising Companies,581

Service Organizations,582

Nonprofit Organizations,582

Uses of Full Cost,583

Financial Reporting,583

Setting Regulated Prices,584

What Did It Cost?,584

Analysis of Profitability,584

Product Pricing,584

Case 17-1 Delaney Motors,589

Case 17-2 Lipman Bottle Company,592

18 Additional Aspects of Product CostingSystems,599

Job Order Costing and ProcessCosting,599

Production Processes,599

Basic Types of Systems,600

Averaging,600

Job Order Costing,601

Process Costing,602

Choice of a System,605

Variations in Practice,605

Measurement of Direct Costs,606

Direct Labor Cost,606

Direct Material Cost,608

Direct versus Variable Cost,608

Distinction between Direct andIndirect Costs,609

Allocation of Indirect Costs,609

Nature of Allocation,610

Cost Centers,611

Calculating Overhead Rates,612

Cost Drivers(AllocationBases),617

Predetermined OverheadRates,619

Procedure for EstablishingPredetermined Rates,620

Underabsorbed and OverabsorbedOverhead,623

Activity-Based Costing,624

Cross Subsidies,625

Activity-Based CostingConcepts,626

Case 18-1,Problems in Full CostAccounting,632

Case 18-2,Huron AutomotiveCompany,634

Case 18-3,Rosemont Hill HealthCenter,639

Case 18-4,Siemens Electric MotorWorks,643

19 Standard Costs,Variable CostingSystems,Quality Costs,and JointCosts,649

Standard Costs,649

Standard Cost Sheet,649

Account Flowchart,651

Variations in the Standard CostIdea,656

Terminology Ambiguities,656

Uses of Standard Costs,656

Variable Costing Systems,658

Comparison of Absorption andVariable Costing,659

Why Use Full Costing?,663

Quality Costs,665

Joint Products and By-Products,666

Joint-Product Costing,666

By-Product Costing,667

Accuracy of Costs,668

Judgment Calls,668

Tendencies toward Uniformity,669

Cost System Design Choices,669

Appendix A:Standard CostingIllustration,670

Establishing Standard Costs,671

System Overview,671

Accounting Entries,675

Sales and Cost of Sales,676

Appendix B:Absorption versusVariable Costing s Impact onIncome,677

Case 19-1 Bennett BodyCompany,679

Case 19-2 Black Meter Company,681

Case 19-3 Amurath Company,682

Case 19-4 Nemad Company,682

Case 19-5 Brisson Company,683

Case 19-6 Landau Company,685

Case 19-7 Craik VeneerCompany,687

20 Production Cost Variances,691

Direct Material and LaborVariances,691

Direct Material Variances,691

Direct Labor Variances,696

Overhead Variances,697

Production Volume Variance,699

Spending Variance,700

Calculation of OverheadVariances,701

Appendix A:Fixed Costs and theOverhead Volume Variance,705

Case 20-1 Problems in VarianceAnalysis,709

Case 20-2 SunAir Boat Builders,Inc.,712

Case 20-3 Medi-Exam HealthServices,Inc.,714

Case 20-4 Cotter Company,Inc.,715

Case 20-5 Lupton Company,717

Case 20-6 C.F.ChurchManufacturing Company,718

21 Analyzing Other Variances,731

The Need for VarianceAnalysis,731

Overview of the AnalyticalProcess,731

Types of Variances,732

Marketing Variances,733

Expense Variances,733

Gross Margin Variances,733

Production Cost Variances,741

Correct Volume Measures,741

Other Variances,743

Marketing Variances,743

Complete Analysis,743

Production Cost Variances,746

Uses of Variances,746

Appendix:Variances with VariableCosting,748

Other Variances,748

Margin Analysis,748

Reconciliation of IncomeVariance,749

Case 21-1 Campar Industries,Inc.,750

Case 21-2 Darius Company,751

Case 21-3 Dallas ConsultingGroup,752

Case 21-4 Woodside Products,Inc.,754

22 Control:The Management ControlEnvironment,757

Management Control,757

The Environment,758

The Nature of Organizations,758

Rules,Guidelines,andProcedures,760

Culture,761

External Environment,761

Responsibility Centers,762

Inputs and Outputs,763

Responsibility Accounting,763

Effectiveness and Efficiency,765

Types of Responsibility Centers,766

Revenue Centers,766

Profit Centers,767

Expense Centers,767

Transfer Prices,769

Investment Centers,772

Nonmonetary Measures,775

Case 22-1 Shuman Automobiles,Inc.,776

Case 22-2 Birch Paper Company,780

Case 22-3 Enager Industries,Inc.,782

Case 22-4 Piedmont University,787

23 Control:The Management ControlProcess,791

Phases of Management Control,791

Strategic Planning,792

Measurement and Reporting,793

Budgeting,793

Accounting Information Used inManagement Control,794

Controllable Costs,794

Evaluation,794

Engineered,Discretionary,andCommitted Costs,799

Behavioral Aspects of ManagementControl,801

Behavior of Participants,801

Motivation,802

Incentives,803

Goal Congruence,805

An Example:The Data ProcessingDepartment,806

Cooperation and Conflict,807

Other Types of Control,808

Case 23-1 Tru-Fit Parts,Inc.,810

Case 23-2 American SteelCorporation,818

Case 23-3 Empire GlassCompany,820

24 Strategic Planning andBudgeting,831

Strategic Planning,831

Ongoing Programs,832

Proposed New Programs,834

Formal Strategic PlanningSystems,835

Budgeting,835

Uses of the Budget,835

The Operating Budget,838

Project Budgets,838

The Master Budget,838

Management by Objectives,840

Flexible(Variable)Budgets,840

Preparing the Operating Budget,842

Organization for BudgetPreparation,842

Budget Timetable,843

Setting Planning Guidelines,843

Preparing the Sales Budget,844

Initial Preparation of Other BudgetComponents,845

Negotiation,846

Coordination and Review,848

Final Approval andDistribution,849

Revisions,849

Variations in Practice,850

The Cash Budget,851

The Capital Expenditure Budget,852

Project Proposals,852

Authorization,853

Follow Up,853

Case 24-1 Downtown ParkingAuthority,855

Case 24-2 SocietàRigazio,858

Case 24-3 Whiz Calculator Company,861

Case 24-4 Midwest Ice CreamCompany(A),866

Case 24-5 Reading ManufacturingCompany,872

25 Reporting and Evaluation,877

Control Reports,877

Key Success Factors,877

Types of Management Reports,878

Period of Control Reports,879

Contents of Control Reports,880

Use of Control Reports,884

Steps in the Control Process,886

Reporting and ContinuousImprovement,888

Incentive Compensation,889

Case 25-1 Crompton,Ltd.,891

Case 25-2 Midwest Ice CreamCompany(B),893

Case 25-3 Thomas J.Lipton,Inc.(A),898

Cost Constructions for VariousPurposes,909

26 Short-Run Alternative ChoiceDecisions,909

The Differential Concept,909

Differential Costs andRevenues,910

Contrasts with Full Costs,911

Contribution Analysis,912

Types of Cost,914

Alternative Choice Problems,915

Objectives,916

Steps in the Analysis,917

Mechanics of the Calculation,919

Differential Costs,919

Other Terminology,922

Estimates of Future Costs,923

Sunk Costs,923

Importance of the Time Span,925

Example:Operating anAutomobile,925

Types of Alternative ChoiceProblems,926

Problems Involving Costs,927

Problems Involving Both Revenuesand Costs,928

Differential Investment,931

The Just One Fallacy,932

Sensitivity Analysis,932

Some Practical Pointers,934

Appendix:Useful DecisionModels,936

Economic Order Quantity,936

Expected Value,939

Sensitivity Analysis,940

Decision Tree Analysis,940

Linear Programming,943

Case 26-1 Import Distributors,Inc.,946

Case 26-2 Forner CarpetCompany,947

Case 26-3 Hanson ManufacturingCompany,949

Case 26-4 Liquid ChemicalCompany,953

Case 26-5 Baldwin BicycleCompany,956

Case 26-6 Trammel SnowmobileCompany,958

Case 26-7 Gentle ElectricCompany,961

Case 26-8 Warren Agency,962

Nature of the Problem,965

27 Longer-Run Decisions:CapitalBudgeting,965

General Approach,966

Return on Investment,967

Estimating the Variables,970

Required Rate of Return,970

Economic Life,972

Cash Inflows,973

Depreciation,974

Investment,977

Terminal Value,978

Nonmonetary Considerations,979

Internal Rate of ReturnMethod,981

Other Methods of Analysis,981

Summary of the AnalyticalProcess,981

Pavback Method,983

Unadjusted Return on InvestmentMethod,984

Multiple Decision Criteria,985

Preference Problems,986

Criteria for PreferenceProblems,987

Comparison of PreferenceRules,987

Nonprofit Organizations,988

Case 27-1 Sinclair Company,990

Case 27-2 Dhahran Roads,991

Case 27-3 Rock Creek Golf Club,993

Case 27-4 KLS Steel Company,994

Case 27-5 Climax ShippingCompany,996

28 Management Accounting SystemDesign,1001

Types of Accounting Information,1001

Measurement,1002

Control,1002

Alternative Choice Problems,1002

Relative Importance,1003

Cost Categories,1003

Level ofDetail,　1006

Accounting Database,　1006

Designing the ManagementAccounting System,　1006

Cost Accounting Systems,　1008

Management Control Systems,　1008

Case 28-1 Amtrak Auto FerryService,　1010

Case 28-2 Uncle Grumps Toys,1017

Received N Years Hence,1021

Received Annually for NYears,1022

Index1023