《会计学原理 英文版·第7版》求取 ⇩

PART 1 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING1

1 The Nature and Purpose of Accounting，3

The Need for Information，3

Operating Information，5

Financial Accounting，5

Management Accounting，6

Definition of Accounting，7

The Profession of Accounting8

Our Approach to Accounting，9

Preconceptions about Accounting，10

Plan of the Book，10

The Financial Accounting Framework，11

Accounting’s Historical Antecedents，12

Accounting as a Language，13

Nature of Principles，13

Criteria，14

Source of Accounting Principles，15

Financial Statements，17

Financial Statement Objectives，17

Income Tax Reporting，18

2 Basic Accounting Concepts： The Balance Sheet，21

Basic Concepts，21

The Money Measurement Concept，22

The Entity Concept，23

The Going-Concern Concept，24

The Cost Concept，25

The Dual-Aspect Concept，27

The Balance Sheet，28

An Overall View，29

Account Categories，32

Assets，32

Liabilities，35

Owners’ Equity，37

Ratios，40

Balance Sheet Changes，40

Original Capital Contribution，41

Bank Loan，41

Purchase of Merchandise，41

Sale of Merchandise，42

Concluding Comment，42

3 Basic Accounting Concepts： The Income Statement，45

The Nature of Income，45

The Accounting Period Concept，47

Interim Reports，48

Relation between Income and Owners’ Equity，48

Income Not the Same as Increase in Cash，49

The Conservatism Concept，50

Application to Revenue Recognition，51

The Realization Concept，53

The Matching Concept，54

Recognition of Expenses，55

Terminology，55

Criteria for Expense Recognition，55

Expenses and Expenditures，57

Dividends，60

Summary of Expense Measurement，60

Gains and Losses，60

The Consistency Concept，60

The Materiality Concept，62

The Income Statement，63

Revenues，64

Cost of Sales，65

Gross Margin，66

Expenses，66

Net Income，67

Statement of Retained Earnings，67

Relation between Balance Sheet and Income Statement，67

Income Statement Percentages，69

Other Concepts of Income，69

Accrual versus Cash-Basis Accounting，69

Income Tax Accounting，70

Economic Income，71

4 Accounting Records and Systems，73

Recordkeeping Fundamentals，73

The Account，74

Permanent Accounts and Temporary Accounts，75

The Ledger，76

The Chart of Accounts，76

Debit and Credit，77

Transaction Analysis，78

Example： Campus Pizzeria， Inc，78

Balancing Accounts，82

The Trial Balance，83

The Adjusting and Closing Process，84

Adjusting Entries，84

Closing Entries，88

Statement Preparation，90

The journal，91

Summary of the Accounting Process，93

Accounting Systems，93

Special Journals，94

Control Accounts and Subsidiary Ledgers，95

Imprest Funds，95

Internal Accounting Controls，96

Significant Recordkeeping Ideas，97

Computer-Based Accounting Systems，97

What a Computer-Based System Does，98

Relation to Manual Systems，99

Problems with Computer Systems，99

Appendix： Additional Accounting Cycle Procedures，100

Errors Revealed by the Trial Balance，100

The Worksheet，101

5 Revenue and Monetary Assets，103

Timing of Revenue Recognition，103

Basic Recognition Criteria，104

Delivery Method，104

Percentage-of-Completion Method，106

Production Method，108

Installment Method，108

Amount of Revenue Recognized，110

Bad Debts，110

Sales Discounts，113

Credit Card Sales，114

Sales Returns and Allowances，115

Revenue Adjustment versus Expense，115

Warranty Costs，116

Interest Revenue，117

Monetary Assets，119

Difference in Reporting Monetary and Nonmonetary Assets，119

Cash，120

Receivables，120

Marketable Securities，120

Analysis of Monetary Assets，121

Current Ratio，122

Acid-Test Ratio，123

Days’ Cash，123

Days’ Receivables，124

6 Cost of Sales and Inventories，127

Types of Companies，127

Supplies，128

Merchandising Companies，129

Acquisition Cost，129

The Basic Measurement Problem，130

Periodic Inventory Method，131

Perpetual Inventory Method，133

Comparison of Periodic and Perpetual Methods，134

Retail Method，135

Manufacturing Companies，136

Inventory Accounts，136

Materials Used，138

Cost of Goods Manufactured，139

Cost of Goods Sold，140

Product Costing Systems，142

Product Costs aod Period Costs，142

Service Companies，143

Inventory Costing Methods，144

Specific Identification Method，145

Average Cost Method，145

First-In， First-Out Method，146

Last-In， First-Out Method，146

Comparison of Methods，149

Lower of Cost or Market，152

Analysis of Inventory，153

Inventory Turnover，153

7 Long-Lived Assets and Their Amortization，155

Nature of Long-Lived Assets，155

Types of Long-Lived Assets，156

Plant and Equipment：Acquisition，157

Distinction between Asset and Expense，157

Items Included in Cost，158

Acquisitions Recorded at Other than Cost，159

Basket Purchases，160

Plant and Equipment：Depreciation，160

Judgments Required，161

Service Life，162

Depreciation Method，163

Choice of a Depreciation Method，165

Accounting for Depreciation，166

Change in Depreciation Rates，168

Partial Year Depreciation，168

Disclosure，168

Plant and Equipment： Disposal，169

Exchanges and Trade-Ins，170

Group Depreciation，172

Significance of Depreciation，172

Income Tax Considerations，173

Income Tax Depreciation，174

Investment Tax Credit，175

Leased Assets，177

Capital Leases，178

Natural Resources，179

Depletion，180

Accretion and Appreciation，180

Intangible Assets，181

Goodwill，181

Patents， Copyrights， Franchise Rights，182

Leasehold Improvements，183

Deferred Changes，183

Research and Development Costs，184

8 Sources of Capital： Debt，187

Nature of Liabilities，188

Executory Contracts，188

Contingencies，189

Liabilities as a Source of Funds，190

Debt Capital，191

Term Loans，191

Bonds，191

Accounting for Bonds，192

Recording a Bond Issue，192

Balance Sheet Presentation，195

Bond Interest Expense，195

Retirement of Bonds，197

Refunding a Bond Issue，197

Other Liabilities，198

Analysis of Capital Structure，199

Debt Ratios，199

Times Interest Earned，201

Bond Ratings，201

Appendix： Present Value，202

Concept of Present Value，202

Finding Present Values，204

Present Value of a Series of Payments，205

Present Values and Liabilities，206

Present Values and Assets，208

Calculating Bond Yields，208

9 Sources of Capital： Owners’Equity，211

Forms of Business Organization，211

Sole Proprietorship，211

Partnership，212

Corporation，212

Accounting for Proprietor’s and Partners’ Equity，213

Proprietorship Equity，213

Partnership Equity，213

Ownership in a Corporation，215

Preferred Stock，215

Common Stock，216

Treasury Stock，218

Reserves，218

Retained Earnings，219

Dividends，219

Warrants and Stock Options，221

Employee Stock Ownership Plans，222

Balance Sheet Presentation，223

Earnings per Share，223

Common Stock Equivalents，224

The Line between Debt and Equity，225

Zero-Coupon Bonds，225

Redeemable Preferred Stock，226

Equity in Nonprofit Organizations，226

10 Other Items That Affect Net Income，229

Personnel Costs，229

Pensions，231

Other Postretirement Benets，234

Compensated Absences，234

Income Taxes，234

Book-to-Tax Differences，235

Deferred Taxes，237

Accounting Entries，240

Nonoperating Items，244

Extraordinary Items，245

Discontinued Operations，246

Change in Accounting Principles，246

Adjustments to Retained Earnings，247

Foreign Currency Accounting，248

Foreign Currency Transactions，248

Foreign Currency Translation，249

Net Income，251

Accounting and Changing Prices，251

Nature of the Problem，251

Proposed Solutions，252

Related Developments，253

11 The Statement of Cash Flows，255

The Concept of Flow Statements，255

Purpose of the Cash Flow Statement，256

Sources and Uses of Cash，256

The Cash Flow Statement，258

Statement Categories，258

Investing Activities，259

Financing Activities，262

Noncash Transactions，264

Cash Flow from Operating Activities，264

Indirect Method Calculations，265

Summary of the Cash Flow Statement，270

Misconceptions About Depreciation，271

Cash Flow Earnings，272

Preparation of the Cash Flow Statement，272

Cash Flow Worksheet，273

Worksheet Entries，273

Statement Preparation，278

Summary of Preparation Procedures，278

Analysis of the Cash Flow Statement，279

Ratios，280

Cash Flow Projections，281

12 Acquisitions and Consolidated Statements，283

Accounting for Investments，283

Fair-Value Method，283

Equity Method，284

Consolidated Basis，285

Business Combinations，285

Purchase versus Pooling，286

Accounting as a Pooling，287

Accounting as a Purchase，288

Impact on Balance Sheet，289

Impact on Earnings，289

Consolidated Statements，291

Basis for Consolidation，292

Consolidation Procedure，292

Asset Valuation，295

Minority Interest，296

13 Financial Statement Analysis，299

Business Objectives，299

Return on Investment，300

Sound Financial Position，302

Structure of the Analysis，302

Overall Measures，303

Return on Investment，303

Investment Turnover and Profit Margin，307

Price/Earnings Ratio，308

Profitability Ratios，309

Profit Margin，309

Investment Utilization Ratios，310

Investment Turnover，310

Capital Intensity310

Working Capital Measures，311

Financial Condition Ratios，312

Liquidity and Solvency，312

Dividend Policy，312

Growth Measures，313

Making Comparisons，316

Diffiiculties，316

Possible Bases for Comparison，318

Use of Comparisons，319

14 Understanding Financial Statements，321

Additional Information in Annual Reports，321

Auditors’ Opinion，322

Notes to Financial Statements，325

Segment Reporting，326

Full Disclosure，326

Comparative Statements，327

Securities and Exchange Commission （SEC） Reports，328

Review of Criteria and Concepts，328

Criteria，329

Concepts，330

Accounting Alternatives，334

Regulatory Requirements，334

Income Tax Principles，335

Latitude in Methods，335

Basis of Choice，336

Controversies over Principles，337

Implications of These Differences，338

Inherent Limitations，339

Ethical Problems，339

Meaning of the Financial Statements，340

Income Statement，341

Balance Sheet，342

Statement of Cash Flows，344

PART 2 MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING，347

15 The Nature of Management Accounting，349

Management Accounting as One Type of Information，349

Information，350

Management Accounting，351

Management Accountants，352

Contrast between Management Accounting and Financial Reporting，353

Differences，353

Similarities，356

Source Disciplines，356

Types of Management Accounting Information and Their Uses，357

Measurement，358

Control，359

Alternative Choice Decisions，360

General Observations on Management Accounting，360

Different Numbers for Different Purposes，361

Accounting Numbers Are Approximations，361

Working with Incomplete Data，361

Accounting Evidence Is Only Partial Evidence，362

People， Not Numbers， Get Things Done，362

16 The Behavior of Costs，365

Relation of Costs to Volume，365

Variable and Fixed Costs，365

Cost-Volume Diagrams，367

Relation to Unit Costs，369

Inherent Conditions，370

Linear Assumption，372

Estimating the Cost-Volume Relationship，374

Measures of Volume，377

The Profitgraph，379

Break-Even Volume，380

Operating Leverage，381

Contribution，381

Cash versus Accrual Profitgraphs，385

Using the Profitgraph，385

Several Products，386

Other Influences on Costs，388

Appendix： Learning Curves，390

17 Full Costs and Their Uses，393

Cost Concepts，393

General Definition，394

Cost Object，394

Full Cost，395

Direct and Indirect Costs，395

Applicable Accounting Principles，396

Elements of Product Cost，397

Product Costing Systems，400

Account Flowchart，400

Nonmanufacturing Costs，405

Merchandising Companies，405

Service Organizations，406

Nonprofit Organizations，406

Uses of Full Cost，407

Financial Reporting，407

Analysis of Profitability，408

What Did It Cost？，408

Setting Regulated Prices，408

Product Pricing，408

18 Additional Aspects of Product Costing Systems，413

Job Order Costing and Process Costing，413

Production Processes，413

Averaging，414

Basic Types of Systems，414

Job Order Costing，415

Process Costing，416

Choice of a System，419

Variations in Practice，419

Measurement of Direct Costs，420

Direct Labor Cost，420

Direct Material Cost，422

Direct versus Variable Cost，422

Allocation of Indirect Costs，423

Distinction between Direct and Indirect Costs，423

Nature of Allocation，424

Cost Centers，425

Calculating Overhead Rates，426

Cost Drivers （Allocation Bases），431

Predetermined Overhead Rates，433

Procedure for Establishing Predetermined Rates，434

Underabsorbed and Overabsorbed Overhead，437

Activity-Based Costing，438

Cross Subsidies，439

Activity-Based Costing Concepts，440

19 Standard Costs， Variable Costing Systems， Quality Costs， and Joint Costs，447

Standard Costs，447

Standard Cost Sheet，447

Account Flowchart，449

Variations in the Standard Cost Idea，454

Terminology Ambiguities，454

Uses of Standard Costs，454

Variable Costing Systems，456

Comparison of Absorption and Variable Costing，457

Why Use Full Costing？，461

Quality Costs，463

Joint Products and By-Products，464

Joint-Product Costing，464

By-Product Costing，465

Accuracy of Costs，466

Judgment Calls，466

Tendencies toward Uniformity，467

Cost System Design Choices，467

Appendix A： Standard Costing Illustration，468

System Overview，469

Establishing Standard Costs，469

Accounting Entries，473

Sales and Cost of Sales，474

Appendix B： Absorption versus Variable Costing’s Impact on Income，475

20 Production Cost Variances，477

Direct Material and Labor Variances，477

Direct Material Variances，477

Direct Labor Variances，482

Overhead Variances，483

Production Volume Variance，485

Spending Variance，486

Calculation of Overhead Variances，487

Appendix A： Fixed Costs and the Overhead Volume Variance，491

Appendix B： Three-Part Overhead Variance Analysis493

21 Analyzing Other Variances，495

Overview of the Analytical Process，495

The Need for Variance Analysis，495

Types of Variances，496

Marketing Variances，497

Expense Variances，497

Gross Margin Variances，497

Production Cost Variances，505

Correct Volume Measures，505

Other Variances，507

Complete Analysis，507

Marketing Variances，507

Production Cost Variances，510

Uses of Variances，510

Appendix： Variances with Variable Costing，512

Margin Analysis，512

Other Variances，512

Reconciliation of Income Variance，513

22 Control： The Management Control Environment， 515Management Control，515

The Environment，516

The Nature of Organizations，516

Rules， Guidelines， and Procedures，518

Culture，519

External Environment，519

Responsibility Centers，520

Inputs and Outputs，521

Responsibility Accounting，521

Effectiveness and Efficiency，523

pes of Responsibility Centers，524

Revenue Centers，524

Expense Centers，525

Profit Centers，525

Transfer Prices，527

Investment Centers，530

Nonmonetary Measures，533

23 Control： The Management Control Process，535

Phases of Management Control，535

Strategic Planning，536

Budgeting，537

Measurement and Reporting，537

Evaluation，538

Accounting Information Used in Management Control，538

Controllable Costs，538

Engineered， Discretionary， and Committed Costs，543

Behavioral Aspects of Management Control，545

Behavior of Participants，545

Motivation，546

Incentives，547

Goal Congruence，549

An Example： The Data Processing Department，550

Cooperation and Con ict，551

Other Types of Control，552

24 Strategic Planning and Budgeting，555

Strategic Planning，555

Ongoing Programs，556

Proposed New Programs，558

Formal Strategic Planning Systems，559

Budgeting，559

Uses of the Budget，559

The Master Budget，562

The Operating Budget，562

Project Budgets，562

Flexible （Variable） Budgets，564

Management by Objectives，564

Preparing the Operating Budget，566

Organization for Budget Preparation，566

Budget Timetable，567

Setting Planning Guidelines，567

Preparing the Sales Budget，568

Initial Preparation of Other Budget Components，569

Negotiation，570

Coordination and Review，572

Final Approval and Distribution，573

Revisions，573

Variations in Practice，574

The Cash Budget，575

The Capital Expenditure Budget，576

Project Proposals，576

Authorization，577

Follow Up，577

25 Reporting and Evaluation，579

Control Reports，579

Key Success Factors，579

Types of Management Reports，580

Period of Control Reports，581

Contents of Control Reports，582

Use of Control Reports，586

Steps in the Control Process，588

Reporting and Continuous Improvement，590

Incentive Compensation，591

26 Short-Run Alternative Choice Decisions，593

The Differential Concept，593

Cost Constructions for Various Purposes，593

Differential Costs and Revenues，594

Contrasts with Full Costs，595

Contribution Analysis，596

Types of Cost，598

Alternative Choice Problems，599

Objectives，600

Steps in the Analysis，601

Differential Costs，603

Mechanics of the Calculation，603

Other Terminology，606

Estimates of Future Costs，607

Sunk Costs，607

Importance of the Time Span，609

Example： Operating an Automobile，609

pes of Alternative Choice Problems，610

Problems Involving Costs，611

Problems Involving Both Revenues and Costs，612

Differential Investment，615

Sensitivity Analysis，616

The “Just One” Fallacy，616

Some Practical Pointers，618

Appendix： Useful Decision Models，620

Economic Order Quantity，620

Expected Value，623

Sensitivity Analysis，624

Decision Tree Analysis，624

Linear Programming，627

27 Longer-Run Decisions： Capital Budgeting，631

Nature of the Problem，631

General Approach，632

Return on Investment，633

Estimating the Variables，636

Required Rate of Return，636

Economic Life，638

Cash Inflows，639

Depreciation，640

Investment，643

Terminal Value，644

Nonmonetary Considerations，645

Summary of the Analytical Process，647

Other Methods of Analysis，647

Internal Rate of Return Method，647

Payback Method，649

Unadjusted Return on Investment Method，650

Multiple Decision Criteria，651

Preference Problems，652

Criteria for Preference Problems，653

Comparison of Preference Rules，653

Nonprofit Organizations，654

28 Management Accounting System Design，657

Types of Accounting Information，657

Measurement，658

Control，658

Alternative Choice Problems，658

Relative Importance，659

Cost Categories，659

Designing the Management Accounting System，662

Accounting Database，662

Level of Detail，662

Cost Accounting Systems，664

Management Control Systems，664

Appendix Table A Present Value of $1 Received N Years Hence，667

Appendix Table B Present Value of $1 Received Annually for N Years，668

Index669