《客观语言测试》

1Prolegomena1

Read this carefully before starting the test1

Answer in 500 words:What is a test?4

Technology and its uses or misuses6

Pedagogical testing7

Qualifying tests8

Wider uses and stronger8

A short history9

PART ONE The history of the objective language test15

2The encroaching power of examinations15

Shibboleths and other punishments15

The Chinese principle16

Liberty,equality,and examinations17

The triumph of the competitive examination19

The unavoidable uncertainty of the traditional examination22

For the Numbers came25

The measurement of intelligence27

3 The new-type language test:1913-193533

Beginnings of language tests33

The 1913 committee35

The Army Alpha tests36

Objective testing captures American education37

The growth of new-type testing40

The Modern Language Study and the American Council Alpha tests41

Other standardized tests46

4 Spreading the psychometric hegemony53

Objectivity or control?53

The College Board examination to test competence in the English language55

Essay grading59

The Cambridge examinations in English for foreigners63

Repatriating reliability66

Testing of aural comprehension77

5 New technologies and consumer protection77

Progress in language testing in the 1930s80

New foreign language tests in Britain84

Non-pedagogical uses of language tests85

Technological advances in language testing in the 1930s87

Consumer protection and the Buros reviews90

6 Language testing goes to war:1940-194599

Oral language proficiency99

US language testing goes to war:1943-1945100

A wartime proposal103

Post-war impact of the Army Specialized Training Program106

Cambridge examinations in wartime107

7 Prognostication and aptitude:1925-1960117

Some early tests of prognosis117

The Symonds'tests of prognosis121

Kaulfers on prognosis123

Other studies of prognosis124

The Army UCLA aptitude study126

The prediction of success in intensive foreign language training128

The Modern Language Aptitude Test130

The state of prophecy133

8 Language testing in the national interest139

Intensity and the Cold War139

Modern language testing at the end of the 1940s141

The 1947 English Examination for Foreign Students144

Professionalization147

9 Testing goes professional155

The incorporation of language testing155

Meeting at meetings158

The state of the art in 1954164

Speaking functionally at Foggy Bottom174

10 Language testing triumphant:1954-1965174

Maturity174

The College Board tests in 1 954:objectivity triumphant179

The Northeast conference:aural and oral testing181

The Modern Language Association Foreign Language Proficiency Tests186

Objectivity challenged193

PART TWO TOEFL and the rise of the transatlantic English testing industry197

11English tests for foreigners:1945-1960197

English language testing at Michigan197

The American University Language Center tests199

Lackland Air Force Base201

British testing in the post-war period203

The Cambridge examinations in English after 1945205

12 The idea of TOEFL217

Plans and participants217

Discussions and decisions225

13 TOEFL:gestation237

The Educational Testing Service interest and the end of the English Examination for Foreign Students237

Implementing the plan240

14 The birth of TOEFL251

The National Council starts work251

Affiliations and plans253

The second council meeting,May 1962257

Negotiating259

Tally-ho261

15 Action in the boardrooms269

The College Board defends its turf269

Ford decides274

The council acts,May 1963277

16 TOEFL in action281

The TOEFL programme starts work281

The final form of the first test283

The programme in operation in 1964287

A bid for freedom290

17 Dividing up the pot299

The second and last year299

Salvage operations301

The National Council concedes305

TOEFL at Princeton307

18 The English testing industry313

Growth of the TOEFL industry in Princeton313

Research and development at TOEFL317

The Test of Spoken English(TSE)318

Reliability of essays322

The Test of Written English(TWE)327

Other TOEFL initiatives331

TOEFL 2000333

19 The Cambridge-Princeton test race337

The Cambridge examinations examined337

The other British tradition341

Improving and internationalizing ELTS343

The flourishing English testing industry346

20 Jubilee:an envoi349

Objectivity dominant349

The scarch for the holy scale349

How much does it hurt?350

Re-embodying language proficiency351

Oedipal?But what if I don't like my mother either?352

Check your answers before you hand in the paper353

Bibliography361

Index of personal names385

Subject Index392