《Organic Chemistry有机化学》

Chapter 1Introduction1

1.1 Organic Compounds and Organic Chemistry1

1.2 Bonding in Organic Compound2

1.3 Attractions between Molecules10

1.4 Classification and Reaction Types of Organic Compounds12

1.5 Acid-Base Theory14

Additional Problems17

Chapter 2The Alkanes and Cycloalkanes19

2.1 Alkanes19

2.2 Cycloalkanes35

Essay:Radical in Biology,Medicine and Industry47

Additional Problems48

Chapter 3Alkenes and Alkynes50

3.1 Structure of Alkenes and Alkynes50

3.2 Nomenclature of Alkenes and Alkynes52

3.3 Cis-Trans Isomerism in Alkenes54

3.4 Electronic Effect57

3.5 Resonance Structure60

3.6 Physical Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes62

3.7 Chemical Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes64

3.8 Conjugated Dienes77

Essay:Terpenes—Naturally Occurring Alkenes78

Additional Problems80

Chapter 4Aromatic Compounds83

4.1 Benzene:Structure and Bonding83

4.2 Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds85

4.3 Physical Properties of Aromatic Compounds86

4.4 Chemical Properties of Aromatic Compounds87

4.5 Fused-Ring Aromatic Hydrocarbons95

4.6 Aromaticity—Hückel Rule97

Essay:Cancer and Carcinogens98

Additional Problems100

Chapter 5Enantiomerism103

5.1 Enantiomers104

5.2 Measurement of Optical Activity106

5.3 Representation of Enantiomer—Fischer Projection Formula108

5.4 Nomenclature of Enantiomer109

5.5 Stereoisomers with Two Chiral Carbon Atoms111

5.6 Enantiomers without Chiral CarbonAtoms113

5.7 Enantiomers in Cyclic Compounds114

5.8 Properties of Enantiomer115

5.9 Resolution of Enantiomers116

5.10 Reform of Chiral Molecules and Biological Function117

Essay:Stereoisomerism in the Biological World119

Additional Problems120

Chapter 6Halohydrocarbons123

6.1 Classification and Nomenclature of Halohydrocarbons123

6.2 Physical Properties of Halohydrocarbons125

6.3 Chemical Properties of Halohydrocarbons126

Essay:Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds139

Additional Problems140

Chapter 7Alcohols,Phenols,and Ethers144

7.1 Alcohols144

7.2 Phenols155

7.3 Ethers163

7.4 Epoxides166

7.5 Sulfur Analogues of Alcohols and Ethers: Thiols and Sulfides170

Essay:Measuring Blood Alcohol173

Addition Problems174

Chapter 8Aldehydes and Ketones177

8.1 Classification and Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones177

8.2 Structure of Aldehydes and Ketones179

8.3 Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones180

8.4 Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones180

Essay:Some Biological Nucleophilic Addition Reaction191

Addition Problems192

Chapter 9Carboxylic Acids and Substituted Acids195

9.1 Carboxylic Acids195

9.2 Hydroxy Acids204

9.3 Keto-Acids208

Essay:Food Preservatives209

Additional Problems210

Chapter 10Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids213

10.1 Classification and Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives213

10.2 Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives214

10.3 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives217

10.4 Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives217

10.5 Urea and Barbiturates224

Essay:Aspirin and Other Analgesics226

Additional Problems227

Chapter 11Amines230

11.1 Classification and Nomenclature of Amines230

11.2 Structure of Amines234

11.3 Physical Properties of Amines235

11.4 Chemical Properties of Amines236

11.5 Aromatic Diazonium Salts243

11.6 Alkaloids246

Essay:Local Anesthetics and Cocaine248

Additional Problems249

Chapter 12Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds252

12.1 General Principle of Absorption Spectra252

12.2 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectra254

12.3 Infrared Spectra258

12.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra267

12.5 Mass Spectrometry279

Essay:Magnetic Resonance Imaging281

Additional Problems283

Chapter 13Heterocycles285

13.1 Classification and Nomenclature of Heterocycles285

13.2 Structure and Properties of Five-Membered Aromatic Heterocycles286

13.3 Structure and Properties of Pyridine and Pyrimidine290

13.4 Fused-Heterocyclic Compounds293

13.5 The Sulfa Drugs294

Additional Problems295

Chapter 14Carbohydrates298

14.1 Classification and Nomenclature of Carbohydrates299

14.2 Monosaccharides299

14.3 Disaccharides and Polysaccharides310

Essay:Diabetes and Low-Calorie Sweeteners314

Additional Problems316

Chapter 15Lipids318

15.1 Fats and Oils—Triacylglycerols318

15.2 Waxes323

15.3 Phospholipids324

15.4 Steroids328

15.5 Steroid Hormones332

Essay:Errors in the Metabolism of Fatty Acids—Lorenzo's Oil334

Additional Problems335

Chapter 16Amino Acids,Peptides and Proteins337

16.1 Amino Acids337

16.2 Peptides347

16.3 Proteins352

Essay:Sickle Cell Anemia—A Biochemical Disease and Mad Cow Disease361

Additional Problems362

Chapter 17Nucleic Acids364

17.1 The Chemical Structure and Classification of Nucleic Acids364

17.2 Nucleosides and Nucleotides366

17.3 The Hierarchy of Nucleic Acid Structure369

17.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Nucleic Acids373

Essay:The Human Genome Project373

Additional Problems347

Index376