《国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则 英文》

PREAMBLE(Purpose of the Principles)1

Foreword5

Introduction7

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL PROVISIONS7

Article 1.1 (Freedom of contract)7

Article 1.2 (No form required)8

Article 1.3 (Binding character of contract)9

Article 1.4 (Mandatory rules)10

The UNIDROIT Governing Council11

Article 1.5 (Exclusion or modification by the parties)12

Members of the Working Group13

Article 1.6 (Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles)13

Other Participants in the Project15

Article 1.7 (Good faith and fair dealing)16

Article 1.8 (Usages and practices)19

Article 1.9 (Notice)22

Article 1.10 (Definitions)24

CHAPTER 2: FORMATION26

Article 2.1 (Manner of formation)26

Article 2.2 (Definition of offer)27

Article 2.3 (Withdrawal of offer)29

Article 2.4 (Revocation of offer)30

Article 2.5 (Rejection of offer)33

Article 2.6 (Mode of acceptance)34

Article 2.7 (Time of acceptance)37

Article 2.8 (Acceptance within a fixed period of time)38

Article 2.9 (Late acceptance, Delay in transmission)39

Article 2.10 (Withdrawal of acceptance)40

Article 2.11 (Modified acceptance)41

Article 2.12 (Writings in confirmation)43

Article 2.13 (Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a specific form)45

Article 2.14 (Contract with terms deliberately left open)47

Article 2.15 (Negotiations in bad faith)50

Article 2.16 (Duty of confidentiality)52

Article 2.17 (Merger clauses)54

Article 2.18 (Written modification clauses)55

Article 2.19 (Contracting under standard terms)56

Article 2.20 (Surprising terms)58

Article 2.21 (Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms)60

Article 2.22 (Battle of forms)61

CHAPTER 3: VALIDITY64

Article 3.1 (Matters not covered)64

Article 3.2 (Validity of mere agreement)64

Article 3.3 (Initial impossibility)66

Article 3.4 (Definition of mistake)68

Article 3.5 (Relevant mistake)69

Article 3.6 (Error in expression or transmission)72

Article 3.7 (Remedies for non-performance)73

Article 3.8 (Fraud)74

Article 3.9 (Threat)75

Article 3.10 (Gross disparity)77

Article 3.11 (Third persons)80

Article 3.12 (Confirmation)81

Article 3.13 (Loss of right to avoid)81

Article 3.14 (Notice of avoidance)83

Article 3.15 (Time limits)84

Article 3.16 (Partial avoidance)85

Article 3.17 (Retroactive effect of avoidance)86

Article 3.18 (Damages)87

Article 3.20 (Unilateral declarations)88

Article 3.19 (Mandatory character of the provisions)88

CHAPTER 4: INTERPRETATION90

Article 4.1 (Intention of the parties)90

Article 4.2 (Interpretation of statements and other conduct)91

Article 4.3 (Relevant circumstances)93

Article 4.4 (Reference to contract or slatement as a whole)95

Article 4.5 (All terms to be given effect)96

Article 4.6 (Contra proferentem rule)97

Article 4.7 (Linguistic discrepancies)98

Article 4.8 (Supplving an omitted term)99

CHAPTER 5: CONTENT101

Article 5.1 (Express and implied obligations)101

Article 5.2 (Implied obligations)101

Article 5.3 (Co-operation between the parties)102

Article 5.4 (Duty to achieve a specific result.Duty of best efforts)103

Article 5.5 (Determination of kind of duty involved)105

Article 5.6 (Determination of quality of performance)108

Article 5.7 (Price determination)109

Article 5.8 (Contract for an indefinite period)112

CHAPTER 6: PERFORMANCE113

Section 1: Performance in General113

Article 6.1.1 (Time of performance)113

Article 6.1.2 (Performance at one time or in instalments)114

Article 6.1.3 (Partial performance)115

Article 6.1.4 (Order of performance)117

Article 6.1.5 (Earlier performance)119

Article 6.1.6 (Place of performance)121

Article 6.1.7 (Payment by cheque of other instrument)124

Article 6.1.8 (Payment by funds transfer)125

Article 6.1.9 (Currency of payment)127

Article 6.1.10 (Currency not expressed)130

Article 6.1.11 (Costs of performance)131

Article 6.1.12 (Imputation of payments)131

Article 6.1.13 (Imputation of non-monetary obligations)133

Article 6.1.14 (Application for public permission)133

Article 6.1.15 (Procedure in applying for permission)138

Article 6.1.16 (Permission neither granted nor refused)141

Article 6.1.17 (Permission refused)143

Section 2: Hardship145

Article 6.2.1 (Contract to be observed)145

Article 6.2.2 (Definition of hardship)146

Article 6.2.3 (Effects of hardship)151

Section 1: Non-performance in general156

Article 7.1.1 (Non-performance defined)156

CHAPTER 7: NON-PERFORMANCE156

Article 7.1.2 (Interference by the other party)157

Article 7.1.3 (Withholding performance)158

Article 7.1.4 (Cure by non-performing party)159

Article 7.1.5 (Additional period for performance)163

Article 7.1.6 (Exemption clauses)166

Article 7.1.7 (Force majeure)169

Article 7.2.2 (Performance of non-monetary obligation)172

Article 7.2.1 (Performance of monetary obligation)172

Section 2: Right to performance)172

Article 7.2.3 (Repair and replacement of defective performance)176

Article 7.2.4 (Judicial penalty)178

Article 7.2.5 (Change of remedy)180

Section 3: Termination182

Article 7.3.1 (Right to terminate the contract)182

Article 7.3.2 (Notice of termination)185

Article 7.3.3 (Anticipatory non-performance)187

Article 7.3.4 (Adequate assurance of due performance)188

Article 7.3.5 (Effects of termination in general)189

Article 7.3.6 (Restitution)190

Sectlon 4: Damages194

Article 7.4.1 (Right to damages)194

Article 7.4.2 (Full compensation)195

Article 7.4.3 (Certainty of harm)198

Article 7.4.4 (Foreseeability of harm)200

Article 7.4.5 (Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction)201

Article 7.4.6 (Proof of harm by current price)203

Article 7.4.7 (Harm due in part to aggrieved party)204

Article 7.4.8 (Mitigation of harm)206

Article 7.4.9 (Interest for failure to pay money)208

Article 7.4.10 (Interest on damages)210

Article 7.4.11 (Manner of monetary redress)211

Article 7.4.12 (Currency in which to assess damages)212

Article 7.4.13 (Agreed payment for non-performance)213

Index217

Annex: Text of the Articles of the Principles of International Commercial Contracts233